Personal Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Ethics - Essay Example If I live by rules that are stemmed from the ill effects of society, then I will end up being depressed and discouraged. Free will basically trusts one’s instincts. It is being able to live well, to do things my own way and to live slowly but surely. My thought patterns are shaped by the way I see things. If I see things in a different light, if I see the two sides of a coin and if I choose to see what I want to see in my own perspective, then this is what I call free will. Ethics is governed by the rightness and wrongness of actions. What is then the definition of right and wrong? Can these be equated with obligation and duty? Take the context of the family. I know for a fact that the family is the basic unit of the society. Is the husband obliged to take care of his wife or vice versa? Are parents obligated to take care of their children? When the elderly in the family starts to suffer from dementia, are the concerned family members obliged to take good care of him or her? These are the questions that will help us define the morals and principles that have shaped the society. I treat Kantian ethics as a foundation of the difference between right or wrong, between good and bad. Immanuel Kant argues that to act in the morally right way, people must act according to duty. But then is duty synonymous to responsibility? How does duty become a sense of accountability? Take for example the situation in the community. The rules that the society dictates can sometimes be so distracting but if I would consider that rules are meant to be followed and not meant to be broken, then everything in the community will be in order. The very simple sign, â€Å"No smoking† at the gasoline station is meant to be abided.... In this case, is this really my duty not to smoke Or is it simply following the rules and being aware of the consequences if I smoke at the gasoline station How can I say that it is a matter of common sense How does comprehension differ from awareness How does common sense differ from morally dictated laws If I do something, should I think the welfare of others Take for example a friend of mine needs a job. Let us name my friend Elle. Elle has been looking for a job for the past six months. Now an opportunity for her to work part time has landed on her lap. Her duty is to fill in the position of a nurse in a nursing home for only three days. Now as she started working, she does not want to let go of the opportunity. What she did was to convince the nursing home administrator to hire her full time instead of the 2 Nurse whom she has temporarily replaced for three days. Elle was able to convince the nursing home administrator to hire her full time at the expense of the nurse who only took her days off. Who is now at fault here Is it that of the nursing home administrator or is it that of scheming Elle who thought of her own self interest rather than the nurse who has worked in the nursing home for years When the nurse returned, she does not have a job anymore. On Elle's part, she would rather think of her own survival rather than the welfare of the nurse whom she has replaced. In this situation, the context of good and bad is really out of the maxim of the rules of good and evil. Take for example the context of suicide. Japan is considered the country with the highest suicide rate. In Japan, suicide is common but in the milieu of Christianity, suicide is not advisable. In this framework,

Challenges in Auditing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Challenges in Auditing - Literature review Example According to Power (1997, cited in Free, Salterio and Shearer, 2009) auditing can be described as both operational and programmatic elements. The programmatic elements relate to the concepts and ideas that make practice and policy objectives that are existent in the political arena. Goals are formulated with the practices for the levels of programs. These levels are defined when audits are required by the regulatory agencies. The operational elements refer to the concrete routines and tasks that are practiced by the practitioners worldwide. Review The global audit regulatory system is dynamic that includes a number of organizations, which compete among them. Such competition is reflected in the range of actions from political lobbying process to policy publication papers and submission of those papers to the committees. During the period of financial crisis, it is hard to find papers that are audited by the large firms, national audit boards and the professional bodies. Another probl em related to the financial crisis is that, the process in which the assurance operation is carried out and enacted (Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011). Audits aims at drawing general conclusion from the studies that are made regarding a topic. Thus, there is lack of potential use of the statistical foundations like sampling, which often gave limited information and provided with incorrect results. The qualitative studies carried out by Humphrey and Moizer (1990, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) and Fischer (1996, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) has suggested that the practice of the financial audit work is socially constructed. Curtis and Turley (2007, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) has argued that there are huge business risk in the audit works. They have documented the problems that are related to the translation of new concepts that are developed by the officers at administrative levels, into the real audit techniqu es at the general practitioner level. The auditing profession is related to good consequences as well as bad crisis. But the auditing profession has responded boldly to the financial crisis by implementing a number of communication modes and interacting with the governmental and regulatory bodies. The clarification is needed for specifying the exact role and the obligations of the auditors. According to Woods (2009, cited in Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011) the companies often face downturn, when their financial statements are not audited properly and thus it threats the future developments of the company. According to Cherry, Johnson and Veron (2008, cited in Humphrey, Loft and Woods, 2009) suggested that auditing practices can overshadow the standard of financial reporting. Thus, greater focus is to be provided to the volatility of the accounting numbers than to audibility of the traditional financial statements. The imbalance between the two is noticed during the fair va lue debate. It has been suggested by Ryan (2008, cited in Humphrey, Loft and Woods, 2009) that the duration of the crisis can be reduced, if the practitioner of the auditing functions are exercising the Financial accounting System appropriately. The auditors seek to develop a firm ability to make a judgment related to the reporting of the fair values. Ryan (2008, cited

The impact of the fast food movement Essay Example for Free

The impact of the fast food movement Essay Everything today is fast. People think fast, speak fast, walk fast, write fast and eat fast. Fast food has become such an integral part of the busy American lifestyle that there are more than 300,000 restaurants offering it throughout the United States today (Dorfman, 2001). Since everything is becoming fast in the world, the slow food movement if gradually being taken over by the fast food movement and significant factors of the slow food movement are changing because of this. Major supermarket chains and restaurants are replacing the many local stores people always shopped at, changing the prices of food, quality of service and products, as well as availability of food. The prices of foods show a significant difference between the local market prices and major supermarket chains. As Allison states, At a local market in my town, I bought a half -gallon of grape juice for $5.00 that would normally cost $2.50 at a supermarket (2002). Supermarkets and restaurants have chains so they can afford to lower their prices due to global popularity. Sales often happen at supermarkets and fast food chains as another way to keep their businesses popular and well known. These sales keep customers in their establishments and promotes the buying of other products that may not be on sale. Acquiring products in mass quantities aids in keeping prices down on the products that consumers buy. Also, with more variability in supermarkets compared to local markets, customers can choose from a variety of items, which attracts them to the bigger and well known stores. Sometimes restaurants will have promotions to attract people into their establishments such as the current win ning game at Mcdonalds. Ensuring customers keep coming back to their restaurants, ensures stability and allows food prices to stay low. The quality of service of employees and the products in a grocery store or restaurant are changing due to the increased awareness of the fast food movement. At fast food restaurants for instance, everything is quick paced and so informal that the employees think very little about taking the extra step in being polite. Dorfman states, Their involvement is at a minimum,  especially since their salaries are, but manners should be a part of everyones daily routine, no matter how little they are being paid. These workers seem to be looking for something lost on the floor whenever I place my order (2001). However, the complete opposite occurs at sit-down and very formal restaurants, including the McDonalds in Beijing. Even though McDonalds is a fast food chain, the one in Beijing is a very elegant and formal place where customers go and stay for hours. The hostesses here and at other formal restaurants are very polite and well manned. The quality of service seems to increase as salaries increase (Dorfman 2001). However, local markets tend to always be nice and friendly because they know the customers and are both producing and selling the products they have. Also, local markets tend to have less chemicals in their food compared to those at supermarkets. Everything is made fresh at our farm. No preservatives are added to our pies or breads, and our produce is thoroughly washed before it sets the stand(Allison 2002). Although less chemicals seem to be added to local markets, supermarkets have a variety of items and a lot of availability when it comes to getting certain kinds of foods. At a local market, you can pick from a couple different kinds of the same item, or you can pick from several different kinds of foods, as well as getting fruit or vegetables that may be out of season at a supermarket. Also, many major supermarkets and fast food chains are open over 12 hours a day compared to local markets that usually sell their products for 8 hours.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Bleach

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Bleach Household bleach is a common commodity used by all income groups of India. This is mainly because of hot and humid climatic condition which left us with no other choice than white or light colour daily wear clothes. To maintain personal hygiene and attractive look within the available budget it is necessary to use bleaches. One question which bothered me quite often was, when so many bleach brands are accessible, which one is the best to buy and this gave me the idea to frame my research question Investigating the cost-effectiveness of various brands of chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite accessible in Indian Market Thus to determine the usefulness and effectiveness of the bleaches, it was worth calculating the concentration of free chlorine per rupee (Indian currency) spent. The different bleaches were selected and the concentration of the free chlorine was calculated using iodometric titration. The cost per rupee was calculated and comparison was done using statistical tools. After necessary calculations and comparison, it was concluded that the most cost-effective bleach is local bleach. Local bleach has maximum concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent. Although the moles of free chlorine in local bleach is just 0.276mol/dm3 while in that of rin and robin are 0.68mol/dm3 and 0.588mol/dm3 respectively. But the local bleach is quite cheaper to other bleaches. It costs 30 rupees/dm3 while Robin costs 66 rupees/dm3 and Rin costs 80 rupees/dm3. The concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent on bleach is 0.0092mol/dm3 while that of Rin bleach and Robin bleach is 0.0085mol/dm3 and 0.0089mol/dm3. Thus, I conclude that Local Bleach brand is the most cost-effective brand among the three available in India. INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Background As climate of India is hot and humid, people prefer to dress in light or white colour cloth. To keep them clean is a necessity for hygiene. Hence it requires daily washing and using bleach as the light colour fabric expose the stains more easily. When used in approved quantity and right way, bleach removes the nasty stains from white color fabric and brings back the brightness. Looking into Indian economy, it is not possible to buy dresses in large number by masses . Thus easy way out is the use of bleaches. So when I started looking for a topic for my extended essay, my intensions were very clear. I was looking for an area for investigation which will help me to fulfill my requirement to do an essay for my diploma and give me the dual benefit to help my countrymen to choose a better and cost effective bleach which is affordable by them. I have collected the three bleaches which were having the maximum sale in the market , two were branded viz., Rin and Robin and one was a local brand usually purchased by lower income group people. Bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens, often via oxidation. Common chemical bleaches include household chlorine bleach, a solution of approximately 3-6% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), and oxygen bleach, which contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persulfate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, or urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators, e.g., tetraacetylethylenediamine and/or sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate.[1] There are other types of bleaches as well for example bleaches which hare used for the bleaching of wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, bee wax, skin etc. the commonly used bleach for this purpose is chlorine dioxide and in a number of other industries. In the food industry, some organic peroxides(benzoyl peroxide,etc.) and other agents (e.g., bromates) are used as flour bleaching and maturing agents. Peracetic acid and ozone are used in the manufacture of paper products, especially newsprint and white Kraft paper.[2] But my investigation is related to household bleach used for removal of stains , which usually contain chlorine, though it often masquerades behind aliases such as sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorite.[3] Household bleach, used to whiten fabrics or remove mold from surfaces, is a 5% solution of a stabilized form of chlorine.[4] It is particularly effective on cotton fiber, which stains easily but bleaches well. Usually 50 to 250 ml of bleach per load is recommended for a standard-size washer. The properties of household bleach that make it effective for removing stains also result in cumulative damage to organic fibers such as cotton, and the useful lifespan of these materials will be shortened with regular bleaching. The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) that is also found in household bleach (as noted later) causes fiber degradation as well. It is not volatile, and residual amounts of NaOH not rinsed out will continue slowly degrading organic fibers in the presence of humidity. For these reasons, if stains are localized, spot treatments should be considered whenever possible. With safety precautions, post-treatment with weak organic acids such as acetic acid (vinegar) will neutralize the NaOH, and volatilize the chlorine from residual hypochlorite. Old t-shirts and cotton sheets that rip easily demonstrate the cost s of laundering with household bleach. Hot water increases the activity of the bleach, owing to the thermal decomposition of hypochlorite which ultimately generates environmentally-undesirable chlorate.[5] Color in most dyes and pigments are produced by molecules, such as beta carotene, which contain chromophores. Chemical bleaches work in one of two ways: An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb visible light. Reducing bleach works by converting double bonds in the chromophore into single bonds. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light.[6] The chlorine based bleaches are oxidized bleach. These bleaches have an edge over reducing bleaches because they act as disinfectant as well. The process of bleaching can be summarized in the following set of chemical reactions: Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + HClO(aq) The H+ ion of the hypochlorous acid then dissolves into solution, and so the final result is effectively: Cl2 (aq) + H2O (l) 2H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) + ClO-(aq) Hypochlorite tends to decompose into chloride and a highly reactive form of oxygen: ClO- Cl- +1/2 O2 This oxygen then reacts with organic substances to produce bleaching or antiseptic effects.[7] To begin my investigation I gathered information about brands of chlorine based bleach, its uses and its contents. From the information collected I found out that sodium hypochlorite is an active ingredient in bleaches. Sodium hypochlorite is the magical ingredient which removes stains from the clothes. So if I find out which bleach has the more concentration of sodium hypochlorite and is cheaper than other bleaches will be considered as the best bleach for Indian people. This observation led to my precise topic selection that is Investigating the cost-effectiveness of various brands of chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite accessible in Indian Market After selection of topic next obvious step was to find various methods available in literature and select for an appropriate method for the estimation of the sodium hypochlorite in the bleaches. Various methods available are discussed in the methodology section of my essay. The one I have selected is based on the fact that it is easy to do and also gives a fair estimation of the concentration of hypochlorite in the available laboratory conditions. 1.2 Methods to judge the cost effectiveness of Bleach Some of the methods available in literature for the estimation of concentration of sodium hypochlorite are discussed below: Method 1: One of the common methods is to add excess hydrogen peroxide to a measured amount of bleach. This will result in the formation of oxygen gas. The volume of the gas is collected over water and measured. This is then used to calculate the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in a house hold bleach sample. A few commercial bleaches in their containers, with prices, can be placed on a suitable tray, each with a 10 cm3 syringe and 250 cm3 beaker, both labeled, into which small samples of the bleach can be placed. Measure 5 cm3 of each bleach into their side-arm flask for each experiment. Small samples of the hydrogen peroxide solution could be collected in a 100 cm3 beaker. Bleaches liberate toxic chlorine gas on contact with acids. The chemical reaction involved is H2O2(aq) + NaOCl(aq) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H2O(l) + NaCl(aq) + O2(g) Direct comparison of volume of oxygen collected in the measuring cylinder can be used to compare the effectiveness of the bleach.[8] Method 2: Spectophotometric method has also been employed for the quantitative estimation of sodium hypochlorite in commercially available bleach solution. The method is based directly on the absorbance of hypochlorite in alkaline aqueous media. The other method takes advantage of the quantitative reaction of hypochlorite and ammonia in alkaline solution to form chloramine, which has a higher molar absorptivity.[9] Method 3: Another most common laboratory method is IODOMETRIC TITRATION. We can determine the OCl- ion content of a bleaching solution by reacting a known mass or volume of the solution with excess reducing agent, such as iodide ion (I-) in an acidic solution. OCl- (aq, colorless) + 2I-(aq, colorless) + 2H3O+(aq) -> I2(aq, brown) + Cl-(aq, colorless) + 3H2O(l) The reaction above proceeds to completion. Visible evidence of reaction is the change in the appearance of the solution from colorless to brown, due to the formation of iodine (I2). In the presence of excess I- ion, the amount of I2 formed is a measure of the amount of OCl- ion reacting. Then we determine the amount of I2 formed by titrating the I2 with a standard sodium thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3). The titration reaction for this experiment is shown in the equation below. I2 (aq, brown) + 2 S2O3-2(aq, colorless) > 2I ­- + 2S4O3-2(aq, colorless) Thiosulfate ion is a reducing agent that reacts quantitatively with I2. The titration reaction is complete when the I2 formed from the reaction of OCl ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­- ion with I ­- ion is reconverted to I- ion by S2O3-2 ion. As the titration proceeds, the I2 concentration in the solution decreases. This causes the solution color to change from brown to pale yellow near the end of titration. The end point occurs when all the I2 has reacted and the solution is colorless. Because the change from yellow to colorless is not very distinct, establishing the end point of this final color change is difficult. We can make the end point more distinct by adding a small amount of starch solution to the titration mixture when the solution turns pale yellow. The unreacted I2 combines with the starch, forming a deep blue complex. The starch molecules tend to curl up into spirals and the hole formed is just the right size for the iodine molecules to fit in. Additional S2O3-2 ion reacts with the complex I2, causing a breakdown of the complex. Disappearance of the blue color signals the end point.[10] We can determine the concentration of OCl- ion in the solution. The moles of iodine in the solution are equal to moles of sodium hypochlorite. So then we can find out the concentration of OCl-. I have used the iodometric titration for my investigation because It is easy to carry it out in school laboratory conditions. Gas volume measurement often leads to more random errors in the measurements which ultimately affect the concentration calculations. Spectrophotometric methods are most reliable method but due to non availability of the instrument, I took the decision to stick to iodometric titration. 2. METHODOLOGY: 2.1 Hypothesis More the sodium thiosulfate used to titrate the solution more effective is the bleach at removing the stains. The bleach which has high concentration of sodium hypochlorite is better at removing stains then the bleach with less concentration of sodium hypochlorite. Based on Indian mentality, the expensive the bleach the better is it at removing the stains. The expensive brand should be more cost effective. 2.2 Selection of bleaches 3 different chlorine-based bleaches containing sodium hypochlorite which are easily available in Indian market. The first one is rin bleach which is thought to be the best bleach because it is expensive of all bleaches available in the market. It costs 40 Rs for 500 ml. The second bleach which I have taken is robin which costs 33 Rs for 500ml, a great competitor to RIN. And the third bleach which I have taken is bleach from a local brand which costs only 15Rs for 500ml. 2.3 Experiment 1 Make a soya bean solution using 17 grams of soyabean and dissolved up to 100 cm3 mark. Put three drops of the solution on a piece of cloth and using a syringe the amount of bleach required to remove the stain should be noted down. 2.4 Experiment 2 As told earlier I will be using titration with sodium thiosulfate for calculating the concentration of sodium thiosulfate in the bleaches. The method involves two main steps. Step 1: Standardizing the solution of sodium thiosulfate solution As sodium thiosulfate is not a primary standard, so it was standardized using a known concentration of potassium iodate KIO3 and the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate was calculated. Approximately 8.00 ±0.01 grams of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 5H2O) was taken a 100 cm3 beaker and dissolved by adding small amount of double distilled water. It was stirred using a glass rod till it was completely dissolved. Solution was transferred to 250 cm3 of standard flask carefully using a funnel. Solution was made up to the mark and mixed well by tilting the flask three times. A solution of potassium iodate, KIO3 (0.2 Mole/dm3) was prepared by dissolving 10.7 ±0.01 grams of KIO3 in 100 cm3 beaker and dissolving it in minimum amount of water and making the solution in 250 cm3 standard flask. Further 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 of KIO3 solution is pipette out using a 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 pipette and a pipette filler and poured in standard measuring flask and solution was made 250 cm3 using distilled water. Preparation of 1 mol/dm3 of sulfuric acid Take 55cm3 of 98% pure sulphuric acid in 100cm3 measuring flask. Now slowly pour this acid into 500cm3 of constantly stirred water in a beaker Now transfer this solution into 1dm3 conical flask and add water till the 1dm3 mark. Preparation of 10% potassium iodide Take 10grams of potassium iodide Dissolve it in 100cm3 solution Preparation of 2%starch indicator Take 2grams of starch Add little bit of cold water until a smooth paste is obtained Add 100cm3 of boiling water and stir Heat the solution until the solution is clear 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 of KIO3 solution is pipette out using a 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 pipette and a pipette filler and poured in conical flask. 10.00 ±0.05 cm3 of potassium iodide (10% w/v) is added to the flask using a measuring cylinder. To this solution 10 .00 ±0.05 cm3 of sulfuric acid (1 mol/dm3) is added to the flask using another measuring cylinder. Sodium thiosulfate is filled in 50.00 ±0.05 cm3 burette and added to the conical flask containing KIO3, KI and H2SO4solution till the solution in the conical flask turned pale yellow. 2 to 3 drops of starch solution (1% w/v) was added to the conical flask. The solution turned blue black. More sodium thiosulfate was added to the conical flask with constant swirling till the solution turned colorless. The final volume of thiosulfate solution added is recorded Three concordant readings are taken to have consistency in the recorded data Step 2: Titration of the different brands of bleaches using standardized solution of sodium thiosulfate. Thus calculating the concentration of sodium hypochlorite present in different brands of bleaches. Procedure: I have taken 25.0 ±0.06cm3 of Rin bleach using a pipette and pipette filler into 250cm3 graduated flask. To this water was added to make the solution up to 250cm3 mark. 25.0 ±0.06cm3 of the solution poured with the help of pipette into a conical flask and the same procedure as given above was repeated with RIN bleach followed by the other two bleaches, Robin and local brand. 3. Data collection and processing: 3.1 Finding out the concentration of Sodium Thiosulfate Standardization of sodium thiosulfate: Volume of potassium iodate taken in conical flask = 25.0 ±0.06 cm3 final burette reading / cm3 ±0.05cm3 20.10 19.90 20.00 initial burette reading / cm3 ±0.05cm3 0.00 0.00 0.00 volume of sodium thiosulfate used / cm3 ±0.1cm3 20.10 19.90 20.00 Average volume of sodium thiosulfate used = 20.00 cm3 Calculations: 25.0 cm3 of KIO3 solution required 20.00 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. The ionic equation related to the titration is IO3-1 + 5I-1 + 6H+  ® 3I2 + 3H2O The I2 produced by the reaction between iodate ion and iodide ion is related stoichiometrically to thiosulfate ion as follows I2 + 2S2O32-  ® S4O62- + 2I-1 Moles of KIO3 (0.1 Mol/dm3) in diluted solution = 0.01 mol/dm3 Moles of 0.01 mol/dm3 KIO3 in 25 cm3 of solution = 0.01 x 25 x 10-3 = 0.25 x10-3 Ratio of moles of KIO3: I2 1 : 5 So moles of I2 in solution = 5 x 1 x 0.25 x10-3 = 1.25 x10-3 Ratio of moles of I2 : S2O32- 1 : 2 Therefore moles of thiosulfate = 2 x 1 x 1.25 x10-3 = 2.50 x 10-3 20.00 cm3 of thiosulfate solution has 2.50 x 10-3 moles Therefore the concentration of thiosulfate solution = 2.50 x 10-3 x 103/20.00 = 0.125 mol/dm3 3.2 collection T value for the t- test between RIN and ROBIN is 36.83644 This value is a lot higher than the cut off value (2.31. using degrees of freedom= [n1-1] + [n2-1] = 8) at a 5% significance level. This implies that there is lot lesser than .1% chance that the 2sets of readings belong to one population or the difference is just difference is insignificant. 3.3 Calculation 25.0 cm3 of diluted Rin brand bleach solution required 27.8 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. Moles of sodium thiosulphate= Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00348 à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.0017 moles 1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine. Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN 1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´25cm3 of diluted bleach solution contains 0.0017 moles of chlorine Therefore the undiluted bleach solution of 25 cm3 would contain .017 moles Concentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of RIN bleach solution is Therefore the concentration is 0.34mol/500cm3 of RIN bleach. Therefore the concentration is 0.68mol/dm3. 25.0 cm3 of diluted Robin brand bleach solution required 23.53 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. Moles of sodium thiosulphate= Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00294 à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00147 moles 1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine. Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN 1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´25cm3 of dilute bleach solution contains 0.00147 moles of chlorine Concentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of Robin bleach solution is Therefore the concentration is 0.294 mol/500cm3 of Robin bleach. Therefore the concentration is 0.588mol/dm3. 25.0 cm3 of diluted LOCAL brand bleach solution required 11.07 cm3 of Sodium thiosulfate. Moles of sodium thiosulphate= Moles of iodine, I2, were present in the conical flask after the bleach reacted with an excess of iodide ions 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq) Moles of I2 = moles of sodium thiosulphate à · 2 Moles of I2 = à · 2 Moles of I2 = 0.00069 moles 1 mol of iodine is displaced by 1 mol of free chlorine. Cl 2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) The free chlorine concentration, in mol dm-3, of the bleach RIN 1 mole iodine = 1 mole of free chlorine à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ´25cm3 of diluted bleach solution contains 0.00069 moles of chlorine Concentration of iodine in 500 cm3 of Local bleach solution is Therefore the concentration is 0.138mol/500cm3 of RIN bleach. Therefore the concentration is 0.276mol/dm3. 3.4 analysis and interpretation Calculating the cost-effectiveness BRAND RIN ROBIN LOCAL Concentration of free chlorine (mol/dm3) 0.68 0.588 0.276 Price of 500cm3 bleach in rupees 40 33 15 Price of 1dm3 bleach (=price of 500cm3ÃÆ'-2) in rupees 80 66 30 Concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent on bleach (=concentration of free chlorine in 1dm3 bleach/price of 1 dm3 bleach) 0.0085 0.0089 0.0092 Matrix 1 It can be seen from the experiment 1 higher amounts of bleach is used to remove the stain as we move from RIN to ROBIN to the local brand. And as it can also be seen from the histogram above (graph 1) that the free chlorine concentration decreases as we move from RIN to ROBIN to the local brand it can be inferred that higher the concentration lesser is the amount of bleach required. How so ever the amount of free chlorine required is nearly the same 4. Conclusion: 4.1 Results The free chlorine concentration per rupee spent is maximum of local brand bleach. Therefore the local bleach is most cost-effective bleach. The local brand bleach over takes other branded bleaches like RIN and Robin which are very famous in Indian market. There is a very small difference between each of them when we calculate the concentration of free chlorine per rupee spent. But when we see the concentration of free chlorine in rin and robin they are quite higher then local brand. Local brand has very less moles of sodium hypochlorite per dm3 of the bleach. So the volume required to remove a stain by local brand bleach would be quite large then the volume required of rin or robin brand bleach. This can give a wrong impression that the other brands are better or more efficient at removing stain. But we know that it isnt so. Only if higher amounts of the local brands were used the same stain would take lesser money to be removed. This proves the Indian mentality. Resolved questions Is the amount of sodium thiosulfate used proportional to the amount of free chlorine atoms- Yes very much. It can be inferred by comparing graph 1 (or matrix 1) and graph 2 Does the concentration of sodium hypochlorite affect the effectiveness of the bleach- Higher the concentration of sodium hypochlorite more is the effectiveness of the bleach. Inferred from graph 1 (or matrix 1) and table 1 Checking the Indian mentality- It depends on the amount of bleach used. But it can easily be inferred that the local brand is a lot more cost efficient Deriving the cost effectiveness of different brands of bleach Hypothesis 1 and 2 were confirmed to be true via experimentation while the other two hypotheses (namely 3 and 4) are proved to be wrong. Evaluation Weaknesses It isnt very easy to note down the point of the end of the titration. Accuracy can tend to pose a problem The distil water can have other salts present Improvements Colorimetry should be used for knowing the end point More accurate burettes can be used Ultra pure water should be used rather than distilled water 4.2 Extension The other method should be used. A more number of brands should be used. Other active ingredients should be tested for. Biologically active organisms like bacterias should also be considered. The activity of the other active substances should be tested. 5. BIBLOGRAPHY: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach http://www.ozonesolutions.com/Ozone_Color_Removal.html http://www.care2.com/grrenliving/chlorine-in-household-cleaners.html# http://dhs.wi.gov/eh/ChemFS/fs/chlorine.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite Field, Simon Q (2006). Ingredients Bleach. Science Toys. http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html. Retrieved 2006-03-02. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach http://www.practicalchemistry.org/experiments/estimation-of-the-concentration-of-household-bleach,253,EX.html Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, volume 59, issue 8, pages 1168, 1170 www.cerlabs.com/experiments/10875404162.pdf Other Sources Referred: Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level May/June 2006 paper http://science.jrank.org/pages/6243/Sodium-Hypochlorite.html http://www.howstuffworks.com/question189.htm http://www.factsaboutbleach.com/ Handbook of detergents, Volume 5 By Uri Tsoler, Guy Broze. Pages 621-627

Courage Shown In The Book To K :: essays research papers

Courage Shown In The Novel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you think that courage is an important part of a novel? Well in the book, To Kill A Mockingbird, much courage was shown. Courage is standing up for what you believe in, or doing something that is hard and takes many obstacles to overcome, or can be as little as saying, â€Å"No† to someone. Atticus, Jem, and Boo showed much courage in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, one of the main characters, Atticus, showed much courage. The first thing in the book that shows it is what he did to a tradition in his family. For many years the Finch family had a custom that the oldest one would stay on the land. Atticus didn’t want to and broke a family tradition that was kept for a long time. I know that I wouldn’t be able to have that much courage to break a tradition that was kept in my family for that long. Another way that Atticus shows courage is by defending Tom Robinson. No other man in Maycomb would defend him. Atticus stood up for what he believed in, and did the right thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, Jem shows a lot of courage throughout the novel. He was the one that touched Boo’s house and also went to his house late at night to go to the Radley’s house. He also read for one of the meanest people in Maycomb, Mrs. Dubose. Even though it was a punishment to make him read to her, he could have been miserable about it. After a while though he thought it wasn’t to bad. He was reading to the meanest person, and doing it with no complaints, after a little. He also shows a lot of courage by going to the trial of Tom Robinson with Scout and Dill. He knew that he wasn’t supposed to go to it but did anyway, because he wanted to see what it was like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, Boo Radley showed the most courage, in my point of view. When he went out that night to save Scout and Jem from Bob Ewell, it was the first time in a long time that anyone has saw his face. Also, I think that he

Gate Sample Application Form

Zone/Scrutiny Code By Registered Post/Speed Post Only 6NP To GATE 2013 Chairman GATE Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, 721302 From Nifal Rasheed Adam AN KHOSLA HALL OF RESIDENCE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR NEAR DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, OPPOSITE CMPDI SAMANTAPURI, BHUBANESWAR Orissa, 751013 148 J 871 Y 99380 59870 (Mobile No. ) Cut Here Instructions to the Applicant (GATE 2013) 1. This print out should contain the following pages. (a) This page: Address Slip and Instructions. (b) Application form, filled with the information you provided online. c) Bank Challan in Triplicate (available as a separate file for download from the GATE Online Application Interface), if you have chosen Offline Challan Payment (Not applicable for female candidates). 2. On the GATE copy of the Application Form, paste a 4. 5cm x 3. 5cm printed copy of the SAME color photograph you uploaded online. (a) Use good quality glue to ensure that the photograph does not separate from the app lication. (b) Do not pin, stapple, sign, or attest the photograph. 3. Read the declaration and put your signature in the box next to it. 4.If you are in the final year or you have a backlog after appearing for the final year exam, you must get your Principal’s or HOD’s sign and seal in the last portion of the application form. Submit the whole form to the Principal’s office without cutting it. 5. If you have opted for Challan payment, wait for 48 hours after your online submission to visit the bank’s branch. You can visit any branch of the bank printed on your challan. 6. The bank teller will verify the details printed on the challan with the data available on their computer and then accept the payment.The bank will retain one copy and give you back the remaining copies: one of which you have to send along with the printed application form and the other is for your reference. 7. Mailing Documents to GATE office. (a) Cut the Address Slip and paste it onto an A4 sized envelope (Do not fill address by hand or tamper the address slip). (b) Collect the supporting documents shown under Enclosure Checklist in the application form (if you have uploaded the soft copy of the documents online, you need not send a hard copy). Mark the check list boxes. (c) Do NOT FOLD the application form and Do NOT STAPLE or pin the documents to the form. d) Send the packet by Speed Post (preferably) or by Registered Post to the address mentioned. The application packet should REACH the respective GATE office on or before Monday, 8 October 2012. Note: Application ID – 148 J 871 Y. You should preserve this number for further correspondence. Zone/Scrutiny Code 6NP 148 J 871 Y (Full Name of Applicant) GATE 2013 Application Form Applicant's recent photograph 4. 5 cm x 3. 5 cm (Application ID) Nifal Rasheed Adam 148 J 871 Y 20 Aug 1990 (D. O. B) Male (Name of Parent) OBC-NC Do not Attest Do not sign on photo Indian National P Abdul Rasheed Communication Addr essAN KHOSLA HALL OF RESIDENCE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR NEAR DOORDARSHAN KENDRA, OPPOSITE CMPDI SAMANTAPURI, BHUBANESWAR Orissa, 751013 India GATE Exam Details ME (GATE Paper code) Bhubaneswar, OR (Exam City 1) Cuttack, OR (Exam City 2) Scribe Assistance Required: [email  protected] com 99380 59870 (Mobile No. ) No Qualification Details B. Tech Mechanical Engg. Graduated: No, Year of Graduation: 2013 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR BHUBANESWAR Orissa, 751013 Zonal GATE Office Contact Chairman GATE Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, 721302 Payment Details Online Rs. 1200. 00MSBI2813789700 21/09/2012 I hereby declare that all the particulars stated in this application form are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. I have read the Information Brochure and I shall abide by the terms and conditions therein. In the event of suppression or distortion of any fact in my application form, I understand that I will be denied the opportunity to appear in GATE 2013. Further, if any suppression or distortion of facts is found after appearing in the exam, any admission/degree acquired on the basis of GATE 2013 score is liable to be cancelled. Digital Fingerprint: b16140f109c2622e796613acd26a33dcDate: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ /†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ /†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Applicant’s signature inside the box in black ink Principal Certificate (For use as the eligibility certificate only for final year or backlog applicants) This is to certify that Nifal Rasheed Adam is a student enrolled in INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR, BHUBANESWAR. He is a student of the final year of B. Tech. He appeared in the final semester/year exam of the above degree, but has a backlog to be cleared from an earlier semester/year, and therefore cannot produce a course completion certificate. Date: Signature of Principal/ HOD Seal

Case Study Real Choices at KFC Essay

Case Study Real Choices at KFC (page 243) Could you imagine eating a sandwich without any bread? At first I found it kind of odd but overall it may be something to consider in your future diet. Next time you are standing in the bakery department deciding on what loaf of bread to buy, flip the loaf over and read the nutritional information. You may be surprised of what you are actually eating. My significant other does a lot of grocery shopping so I wanted to see exactly what she has been having me eat. Four times a day without giving it a second thought I eat a peanut butter and honey sandwich for breakfast and roast beef and cheese for lunch. My findings from Nature’s Own 100% whole grain are that each slice contains 70 calories and 0 calories from fat. I guess that’s not too bad considering you have to have two pieces of bread for something to be considered a sandwich right? Well the debate officially began in 2010 when Kentucky Fried Chicken (as known as KFC) introduced their â€Å"Double Down† to be an additional item to the menu. KFC promoted the new item in its advertisements stating that there is â€Å"so much 100% premium chicken, that they didn’t have room for a bun† The sandwich is an attempt to grow revenue in a very competitive business in a society where every calorie counts. The United States has the largest fast-food market in the world and it continues to advance daily while keeping their current customers happy along with trying to recruit new business. KFC began in a gas station in North Corbin, Kentucky during the Great Depression. The success of the eating establishment original called Sanders Court & Cafà © led to expansion and renaming of what we know it today as Kentucky Fried Chicken. In 1952 the first KFC opened in South Salt Lake Utah, and expanded in Canada in the early 1960’s. Since this time KFC has changed ownership several times and today the brand is owned by Yum Brands and is based in Louisville, Kentucky. There are more than 14,000 KFC restaurants in more than 80 countries around the world, serving 12 million customers each day. According to KFC.com, the Double Down, â€Å"features two thick and juicy boneless white meat chicken filets (original recipe or grilled), two pieces of bacon, two melted slices of Monterey Jack and pepper cheese, and the Colonels Sauce.† Although it was initially offered on a limited time basis, KFC decide to add the item to its menu permanently. The company’s change of course was related to the string sales driven in part by people eating the sandwich on YouTube and popular TV  personality Stephen Colbert consuming one on The Colbert Report TV show. KFC reports that the launch is one of their most successful ever. From a nutritional standpoint, the Double Down is 540 calories, 32 grams of fat, and 1380 milligrams of sodium. The grilled version is 460 calories, 23 grams of fat, and 1430 milligrams of sodium. The level of sodium in the sandwich is drawing a great deal of concern from customers and health organizations. To put these numbers into perspective every twelve hundred milligrams is equal to  ½ teaspoon of salt. Many critics are questioning why KFC introduced this as an option in the middle of building its brand image as a fast food restaurant offering healthier menu choices. The fast food retail market is in constant state of competition. The dilemma for the company is how to appeal to both the healthy market and the generous market? Many customers prefer healthy choices when considering fast food; however there are numerous customers who find the appeal of fat, salt, and processed carbohydrates simply irresistible. The general issue of obesity is leading to major health problems become front page news. The choice of menu items must lead to long term profits and competitive market advantage and KFC will have to find a way to balance both. 1.What is the decision facing KFC? The decision facing KFC is how to appeal to both the healthy market and to the not so healthy market? I think for starters they could have renamed the sandwich from the get go. When I hear the words Double Down at a fast food restaurant, there is no way it can’t be good for you, but then again maybe that’s why it was such a huge success. I take it more like double your weight and your heart rate slows down while eating the sandwich. I think if they had used another name it may have drawn better attention to health organizations and to the healthy market. My suggestion are Twice is Nice, Two is better. Pure Chicken, or the Real Deal maybe something more appealing to the healthy consumers. 2.What factors are important in understanding their decision situation? Some of the most important factors in this decision facing KFC is to first realize what consumers really want to eat and then even how it looks and sounds to others that may be on the fence of trying the sandwich. They say you judge something within 7 seconds of seeing it whether it is going in your mouth or in any other means of life. I personally think meals like this one is not an option for most consumers in  today’s competitive market while hungry when others have a lot more to offer and healthier. 3.What decision do you recommend? In today’s environment I personally think the idea was there with the chicken, which is one of the cheapest and healthiest things to eat. I think this option would attract more consumers if it was on a wrap or tortilla and smaller portions instead of holding two pieces of chicken in your hand while drinking a big gulp to wash down the salt. 4.Conclusion To sum it up fast food is ongoing competition to entice consumers of all markets to buy their product whenever and wherever. I hope you have learned something from me and my case and the next time you order a sandwich will it be without bread. Regardless of what I think or what others may so, would you order one of these sandwiches, if you haven’t already indulged into the deliciousness? To be honest I never even heard of it? Can you come up with any other ideas that may help out KFC to attractive the healthier market of consumers? Do you feel sandwiches like the â€Å"Double Down† is the future for fast food chains?