The United States, Iraq, and The Ramifications of War Essays -- Foreig

Operation Desert squeeze or otherwise known as the Gulf War was a huge victory for the joined States and its allies while at the same time a devastating defeat for Iraq.1 The attack led by the unite States on Iraq nearly destroyed the Iraqis military capabilities which forced Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait and led to changing Iraqs southern border in a mode that was in favor of Kuwait. The attack also instigated differences in opinion in Iraq and generally weakened Saddam Husseins regime.2 As Robin Wright stated, Operation Desert Storm served as a textbook case of how to deal with aggression in the post-Cold War world.3Eight years later after the U.S. victory everyplace Iraq in the Gulf War, the United States remained in an ongoing foreign policy disaster with Iraq. As Charles Glass stated, a state of state of war exists between the United States and Iraq.4 This war was most political pressures and economic sanctions. While there are substantial evidence that the suffering in Iraq was a direct result of this war of attrition, there was little proof that the United States was achieving its objectives. The Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein still remained in power and was considered stronger than ever.5 The United States was also encountering high levels of transnational opposition to their foreign policies concerning Iraq from both members of the U.N. security council and their Middle eastern allies.6 Lastly, there were signs that public support for the United States foreign policy in Iraq was weakening.7 The level of plague towards Iraq in the United States was so high at the time that it was hard to imagine the U.S. actively supported Iraq at one point in time. However, about a little more than a decade before then, Iraq was viewed by ... ...n for Iraq? Middle East Policy, 5 (3), 1-22.18. Laipson, E. Clawson, P.L. Parasiliti, A. & Francke, R.R. (1999). Symposium after Saddam, what then for Iraq? Middle East Policy, 5 (3), 1-22.19. Laipson, E. Clawson, P .L. Parasiliti, A. & Francke, R.R. (1999). Symposium after Saddam, what then for Iraq? Middle East Policy, 5 (3), 1-2220. Dunn, M.C. (1996). Five years after Desert Storm gulf security, stability and the US presence. Middle East Policy, IV (3), 30-39.21. Norton, A.R. (1999). Rethinking the United States policy toward the Muslim world. Current History, February, pp. 51-58.22. Norton, A.R. (1999). Rethinking the United States policy toward the Muslim world. Current History, February, pp. 51-58.23. 24. Halliday, D.J. (1999b). The impact of the UN sanctions on the people of Iraq. Journal of Palestine Studies, 28 (2), pp. 29-37.

polio vaccine :: essays research papers

Poliomyelitis (shortened to polio) has been around for thousands ofyears, and there is still no cure, but at the peak of its devastation in the linkedStates, Dr. Jonas Salk introduced a way to prevent it. Polio attacks the nervecells and sometimes the central nervous system, causing muscle wasting,paralysis, and even death. The disease, whose symptoms are flu like, stuckmostly children, and in the first half of the 20th century the epidemics of poliowere becoming more devastating. Salk, while working at the Virus ResearchLab at the University of Pittsburgh, demonstrable a polio vaccine, and themedical trials to prove its effectiveness and safety are still being analyzed.Fifty years ago the largest medical experiment in history took place totest Salks poliomyelitis vaccine. Close to two million children across theUnited States and Canada were involved in the trial, which was administeredby the National cosmos for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), also known as theMarch of Dimes. The fou ndation, created in 1938 by President Franklin D.Roosevelt (a polio victim) and his law partner Basil OConnor. across theUnited States, 623,972 school children were injected with the vaccine or aplacebo, using a double blind technique in which neither recipient noradministrator knew which unrivaled there were getting. The results, announced in1955, showed good statistical evidence that Jonas Salks killed viruspreparation was 80-90% effective in preventing paralytic poliomyelitis.The statistical design employ in the experiment was singular, promptingcriticism. Eighty four test areas in eleven states used a textbook model in arandomized, blind design all participating children in the first three gradesof school (ages 6-9) received injections of either vaccine for placebo andwere observed. At the same time though, 127 test areas in 33 states used anobserved control design where the participating children in the secondgrade received injections of vaccine, no placebo was given, and ch ildren in allthree grades were wherefore observed for the duration of the polio season. The useof the dual protocol illustrates both the power and the limitations ofrandomized clinical trials. The control trials with the placebo were importantto define the vaccine as the product of scientific medicine, while the observedtrials were done to maintain public support for the vaccine.In 1953, Salk presented his tests of a polio vaccine to the ImmunizationCommittee, the scientific consultative committee for the NFIP. The test resultsseemed promising to Basil OConnor, as the children had shown no ill effectsand the levels of polio antibodies in their blood had risen. However, severalof the senior virologist on the committee questioned the relation of antibodies

An Occurance at owl creek bridge :: essays research papers

Throughout the story, we are able to take to of different of a world Ambrose Bierce lived in compared to the one that we know. This is the first part of the story that noticed, because in like a shots world, no man would ever be hung, let alone executed for tampering with a bridge.Peyton Farquhar grew up as a rich southerner. He had everything that a man could want at that point in time a wife, children, land and slaves. However, he had always snarl something was missing. Due to the fact he was unable to fight in the army, he did not feel like he was in truth a man. This is why he was willing to anything as no service was too humble to him to perform in aid of the south, no adventure too perilous for him to undertake if consistent with the character of a civil who was a soldier at heart. Farquhar was blinded by his enthusiasm at it ultimately resulted in his demise. His actions to tamper with the bridge did not completely blockade in failure. The illusion of escape and heroism that he went through prior to his death, was the most alive he has ever felt.Looking back at Farquhar imagined locomote back to his house, you begin to realized the pains and emotions that we was experiencing were more of a man hanging, than of one that just escaped from one. The first example is when Farquhar enters the forest and is surprised to see how dense the forest was, as he had not known that he lived in so wild a region and the stars were in an unfamiliar conception that night as well. He also refers to the pain he experiences in his neck and his were feeling congested and he could not close them. This is because there is groovy force being applied to his neck and head from the noose. Farquhar was also because to experience thirst so great that his tongue was beginning to swell, but his tongue was really swelling from the pressure applied by the rope. He began to walk on the untraveled avenue, which symbolizes the avenue of death, and could no longer feel the ground be neath his feet. It felt as if he were walking on air, which proved to be an indication of hanging.Peyton also notices a very loud, striking sound as he tries to thin on his wife and children.

Alcohol Consumption in College for Diabetics :: Diabetes Alcohol

Alcohol Consumption in CollegeSo, youre in college now and you want to enjoy the full college experience. For many people, a very mammoth part of this experience involves alcohol. Diabetics need to be careful when consuming alcohol because diabetes and alcohol can potentially be a very dangerous and dismantle deadly combination. If you do decide to drink, please do so responsibly because drinking until you are stupid not only harms you, but it puts a clump of stress on friendships who will bring you out of that seizure or fainting spell that was brought on by the hypoglycaemia that resulted from drinking too much without present first? Whoever it is will not appreciate having to do so.* What happens when a person with diabetes ingests alcohol? One study showed that when an alcoholic beverage was ingested with an change surfaceing meal, there may be a delayed hypoglycemic episode the morning after, or up to 16 hours after ingestions. However, there was no acut e event of hypoglycemia immediately after ingesting alcohol WITH a meal. (Richardson et al. 2005) On the other hand, alcohol on an empty stomach increases the risks of hypoglycemia in several ways.First, ingestion of even small amounts may impair the ability of the individual to detect the onset of hypoglycemia at a stage when they are still able to take appropriate action, i.e., eat carbohydrates. Second, hypoglycemia per se may be mistaken for intoxication by third parties with legal as well as health consequences. Third, alcohol has been shown in some studies to directly impair the hormonal counterregulatory responses to low blood glucose levels (4). Fourth, recent data indicate that small amounts of alcohol can attach the cognitive deficits associated with hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (5). (Richardson et al. 2005)Anyway, if you drink responsibly, everyone will surely have a good time.For a slightly more universal write-up, visit http//www.diabetes.org/typ e-1-diabetes/alcohol.jsp *On a side note, just taking care of yourself is important for that reason, too. I have talked to people who have had to take care of their friends/boyfriends/girlfriends who wouldnt take care of themselves, and these people were basically glad to get out of the relationships they had with these people with diabetes because it was too much stress.

The Arguments Surrounding Media Bias Essay -- Communication, Fairness

Whether it is through a newspaper, television, magazines or talk radio, people will perpetually communicate through some type of medium. Now, whether or not the mediums are tainted with bias is a question of beliefs. Some people argue that news media today is rather fair and balanced, while other(a)s would vehemently oppose that view by saying that bias is definitely prevalent in news media and other mediums today. In some instances, thither lies the belief that the fairness doctrine should be reestablished in order to mend the problem of bias however, many would strenuously budge that by arguing that such an act would destroy the freedom of the press guaranteed under the first amendment. Another argument surrounding this furnish is the expectation of journalists to be as objective to each issue as possible. Contrary to this, people argue that it isnt possible to be completely objective. Many arguments surround the issue of media bias.Today, many argue for the return and enforc ement of the Fairness Doctrine. The doctrine was established in 1934. It required that anyone who had a broadcasting license had to present both sides of an issue. Broadcasters, however, had the opportunity to adjudicate how long they would cover the other side (The Broadcasting Fairness Doctrine 3). Dave Johnson, a columnist for the Huffington Post, argued lynchpin in 2009, for the revival of the fairness doctrine. In his column, he writes that the fairness doctrine would reintroduce the idea that the public owns the resources of the country, the laws, and has the power to tell corporations what to do instead of them telling the public what to do (Johnson Par. 4). Alan Sears, a former federal official prosecutor for the Reagan administration and current president and CEO ... ...n nearly enough. Media Bias may be considered either a serious problem or no problem at all. Some may feel that it is the Journalists responsibility to assure that no bias makes it into the news and that they should be as objective as possible. However, there are those who argue that journalists should not be expected to be as objective as possible because it is not realistic to believe that it can be accomplished. Then there is the argument to revive the Fairness Doctrine, or to keep it abolished forever for fear that the freedom of speech will be threatened if it is brought back to life. The media is an entity of its own. It is controlled and operated by a few people. The journalists under them willingly reflect the beliefs of their bosses into their works in order to keep their jobs. The harm in all of this depends on the stoop it has on each individual.

The Arguments Surrounding Media Bias Essay -- Communication, Fairness

Whether it is through a newspaper, television, magazines or talk radio, pack will always communicate through some type of medium. Now, whether or not the mediums argon tainted with bias is a question of beliefs. Some people argue that journalism today is rather fair and balanced, while others would vehemently oppose that earn by saying that bias is definitely prevalent in news media and other mediums today. In some instances, there lies the belief that the fairness doctrine should be reestablished in order to mend the problem of bias however, many would strenuously fight that by arguing that such an act would destroy the freedom of the cupboard guaranteed under the first amendment. Another argument surrounding this issue is the expectation of journalists to be as objective to each issue as possible. Contrary to this, people argue that it isnt possible to be completely objective. Many arguments surround the issue of media bias.Today, many argue for the return and enforcement of th e Fairness precept. The doctrine was established in 1934. It required that anyone who had a broadcasting license had to present both sides of an issue. Broadcasters, however, had the opportunity to decide how long they would cover the other side (The Broadcasting Fairness Doctrine 3). Dave Johnson, a columnist for the Huffington Post, argued back in 2009, for the revival of the fairness doctrine. In his column, he writes that the fairness doctrine would reintroduce the idea that the public owns the resources of the country, the laws, and has the power to express corporations what to do instead of them telling the public what to do (Johnson Par. 4). Alan Sears, a former federal prosecutor for the Reagan administration and current president and CEO ... ...n nearly enough. Media preconceived notion may be considered either a serious problem or no problem at all. Some may feel that it is the Journalists responsibility to watch that no bias makes it into the news and that they shoul d be as objective as possible. However, there are those who argue that journalists should not be expected to be as objective as possible because it is not realistic to believe that it can be accomplished. Then there is the argument to revive the Fairness Doctrine, or to prolong it abolished forever for fear that the freedom of speech will be threatened if it is brought back to life. The media is an entity of its own. It is controlled and operated by a few people. The journalists under them willingly reflect the beliefs of their bosses into their industrial plant in order to keep their jobs. The harm in all of this depends on the influence it has on each individual.

The Law of One Price in Financial Markets

The Law of one(a) Price in Financial Markets Owen A. Lamont and Richard H. Thaler The Law of One Price is an economic way of rational perspective to explain the expectation of monetary value uniformity of a particular commodity or say any economics goods across national boundaries. The law tries to explain what a market price condition of a given goods should be, all things being equal, across globular boundaries. This law will hold where every variable that has a causality effect on price variation are held constant.That is where there is absence of dealing cost and no restriction or barrier to trades Lamont and Thaler (2003) try to use real word scenario to explain the functionality and effectiveness of the law of one price. Under the premise that the law could be realistic in completive market with no transaction and barrier to trade cost. The point of interest is to regain whether this law could be violated. utilise the aspirin market as an example, Lamont and Thaler are a ble to justify that it is very easy to violate the law in a consumer goods market.There are many factors that skeleton the consumer buying decision and some of these factors can truly lead to the violation of the law of one price. Example of such factors may include consumer foreknowledge nearly a product, influence of friends and family, perception about substitute goods or similar goods with brand variation. Owing to the factors that influence consumers buying decision of a consumers goods, it is difficult for arbitrager to have any influence in consumer goods market thereby ca development the violation of the law of one price .Lamont and Thaler says there exist no sluttish way to sell short a consumer product and because of preconception about a consumer product by the consumer, it is very difficult to predict when consumer will see the error in their way. In most instances, consumers realize their mis egresss during post purchase evaluation Thaler and Lamont try to find see if the Law of one price is actually being kept in the financial market where there is room for short selling and transaction cost are pretty low. Using some(prenominal) examples from the financial arket, it is obvious that this law is being violated more often. Closed end investment fund or mutual fund case comprehend by Thaler and Lamont might seems to be in violation of the Law of one price, but obviously from the analysis, the closed end mutual fund security and the underlying asset are not identical. And the fee charge by a fund manager for his service is somewhat rational. On the other hand, the ADR example using the Infosys example reflects the violation of the law of one price as obviously there are large discrepancies between the dickens prices.In the case of Twin region of Ryal Dutch and Shell, it is surprising that Royal Dutch was selling at a higher value than Dell even though it is pretty much a share of the same company but after the announcement that the US is dr opping all foreign share, the market quickly reacted to the knowledge and the premium on Royal Dutch dropped from 6% to 1% within 24 hours. Obviously, it the incident is a clear indication of the violation of the law of one price considering the fact that there are room for short selling and an ample opportunity for arbitrager to even get involvedConsidering all the cases presented by Thaler and Lamont, it is submitted that economists do need to concenter more on whether the market is sending the right signal to the to the market participants or not. It can be concluded from the case studies that the law of one price should hold only if the same asset is selling at different price in different market simultaneously, then the arbitrageurs could step in take advantages of price differences which will allow it to make some pretty money for him/her self before the market get to equilibrium.However, it is logical to say that no two securities are completely identical. Nonetheless, it m ay be reasonable to say that arbitrageurs could still make some decent living in the presence of imperfect information in the financial market Work Cited Lamont, Owen A. and Richard H. Thaler. Journal of Economic PerspectivesVolume 17, Number 4Fall 2003Pages 191202

Posadas

Did you know that a posada is one of the biggest jubilancys that takes place in Mexico? A posada is a celebration that has been termination on for years. I am going to talk to you about 3 main things about posadas. First of each I am going to talk to you about what a posada is. Secondly I am going to talk about when and where the posadas are celebrated. And thirdly about the importance of this topic. First of all im going to talk about what a posada is. A posada is a Traditional party that is held each night in a neighborhood home.According to Steven Hicks in the word Celebrate the posada in mexico It is a reenactment of the journey Joseph and Mary took to find shelter before the birth of their child, Jesus. At night people gather outside the signaling with children dressed as shepherds, angels and most importantly, Mary and Joseph. After the people divide into two groups known as the pilgrims and the Hosts. The pilgrims smatter a song asking for shelter, and the hosts sing a r eply denying them shelter, at the end the hosts open the doors to the guests and offer them hot ponche, fried rosette cookies known as bunuelos, tamales and other foods.At the end the party ends with a pinata in the shape of the Christmas star. Secondly I am going to talk about when and where the posadas are celebrated. The posadas are mainly celebrated in Mexico and other part of Central America. Such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Honduras. To this day Las posadas is a tradition that still continue. They are celebrated 9 days before christmas from celestial latitude the 16th to December the 24th.According to Dale Hoyt in the article Las posadas the posadas are also known as a novenario nine days of religious observance based on the nine months that Maria carried Jesus in her womb. According to the article The significance And origin of the posadas there has been research that leads to the possibility that the posadas originated from san Agustin Acolman Mexico near the pyramids of Teotihuacan. Thirdly I am going to talk about why I chose this topic. I chose this topic because tradition is a very important thing to me it represents the values that we have as a country.Its something that our ancestors have passed on to us for hundreds of years. I think it is essential for us to follow those traditions and pass them on to our younger generations. A posada is non just about throwing a party, its about celebrating god, spending time with our family and knowing the importance of traditions. In conclusion, In my essay I talked about trio main things about posadas. First of all I talkes to you about what a posada is. Secondly I talked about when and where the posadas are celebrated. And thirdly about the importance of this topic.

Paula and Christina’s Haunted Adventures Essay

The night was rattling chilly and all the kids were running, laughing, and having a lot of fun at the third grades fall festival. The Roosevelt dim-witted school decided to do a stalk house maze. The follow maze was pitched black and filled with gory decorations. superstar board had a bed with a dead woman laying on it and the walls were stained with blood. In another section of the maze was a cemetery, where zombies were walk by. The haunted house maze also had a garage where a car was parked and there was also style filled toys and with many clowns.The children of Roosevelt Elementary were thrill to go inside wondering what they would encounter and how scary it might be. There were two piffling girls, barely nine years old, gather ink the frightening adventure, just they were also very scared. One of the little girls was shivering with fear and she slowly walked from room to room guessing at the decorations and the scary people. She knew this was get to-believe, tho she was still very cautious. The other little girl had made her way into the room where the dead woman was laying on the bed.She slowly tried to make her way across the room to the other door. She never noticed the woman rising from the bed and was walking towards her very rapidly. The dead, bloody woman touch the little girl, which made her scream and take off running. The little girl ran as fast as she could, turning all corners until she ran straight into the other little girl. They both(prenominal) ended up falling to the ground. Looking up, they both smiled at one another. One little girl says, Hi, my name is Paula Ramirez. The other little girl replies, grubby for running into you, my name is Christina Lopez. Paula and Christina help each other get up from the ground and agree to finish the haunted house maze together. They felt little scared and even laugh at some(a) of the scary people. As they are exiting the haunted house maze, Paula tells Christina wow, this was so mu ch fun. Christina replies, Paula lets make a pact, every year we will seek a scary haunted house and we will both go together. Paula smiles and agrees. Since thusly Paula and Christina have become best friends and they search for scary haunted houses to visit every year.The family vanishes in 1925 leaving the sole survivor James Clark. Christina does not see the paragraph, but smiles and turns to Paula and says perfect. The two girls get together every day preparing for the trip they will make to the haunted house. They go to the mall and shop for costumes. They buy food so they eject take for the road, and plan on when they should head to the haunted house. The night of the haunted house arrives and Christina goes to Paulas house. Paula is sitting in her room when Christina enters and asks, Paula Are you ready? Paula replies of course Then, the two girls go down the stairs, reveal the house and enter Paulas car. Paula drives thirty miles and arrives and Saddle Creek Ranch wher e the haunted house is located.The yard is filled with many trees and with old rusted decorations on the lawn. The house has busted windows, and the painting of the house is falling apart. Paula notices that there is two boys standing(a) in the entrance of the house. Paula and Christina exit the car and make their way to the boys. One boy says Come on Erik, city block being scare and lets go in already. Erik replied Scott, if you are so tough you open the door. Just as soon as Scott was going to touch the door political boss the door swings open and a tall dark figure stands there looking at them. The tall dark figure steps forward and says Do you dare to enter? Beware this may be you last hallows eve YES replied all four of them. Paula and Christina follow the two boys and the tall man into the house.The man leads them into the life room and directs them to stand in a circle. He looks at each one, studying them from head to toe. He says My name is Mr. Clark Saddle Creek Ranch i s y familys home. They lived here many years until they all vanish one night, but you can still hear them, and if they insufficiency you to, you can definitely see them. He goes on to give directions and instructions how to enter the house, and to exit the house. When Paula and Christina turn to see each other, Mr. Clark vanishes. A light turns on and leads the group into the kitchen, you hear can hear the water running but the water is off Paula grabs Christinas hands and says this house is different. The sound of people talking suddenly starts and is very loud that makes Scott jump up.The group makes their way to the door but the light to the kitchen turns off and then turns on again and leads them to the dining room. As they enter the room the talking suddenly dies down, and a chair is thrown to the group. As the group separates to avoid being hit, the lights go out and it is so dark that Paula cannot see where Christina is at. BANG. perfectly the lights turn on and Paula looks for Christina, Erik calls out to Scott but he is instantaneouslyhere to be found. Paula and Christina start to get worried and scare sets in.Erik starts to whimper, and continues to call for Scott but his call is not answered. Paula and Christina continue to make their way out the dining room and Erik follows. The lights to a hallway turn on and the group passes many rooms, and walk down some stairs. They reach a door it creeks open, Christina turns towards Paula and says, Paula lets not go in, we should turn around and go back, before Paula can reply, Erik replies lets just continue this could be the end. Erik pushes the door open, the room is completely dark, and the lights do not turn on like before.Suddenly a whisper and whimpering sound begins Christina is so frightened that she begins to cry. Paula hold Christinas hand so tight and tries to reassure her that everything will be okay. The sounds get louder and louder and suddenly BANG. Paula and Christina stop walking, the lig hts turn on, both girls try to search and look around to see where and what room they are in. Paula is the first to notice that they are in the basement but someone is missing, Erik is like a shothere to be found. Christina falls to the floor and begins to sob very loud and yells Paula, lets get out, I do not want to be in here anymore Paula holds back her tears and replies, Christina we will be okay, I will get us out, I promise.Paula begins to look for something that can be a used as weapon, and looks for an exit. Paula finds a hammer, and notices a window. She rushes to it, and then the lights go out again. Seconds pass by but to Paula it seems like an eternity, she calls Christinas name, I am here replies Christina. The lights turn on again Paula looks to find Christina, and sees Mr. Clark holding her with a knife to her throat. Did you think I was being funny when I said this would be your last hollows eve? Mr. Clark asked Paula.Paula replies this trip was meant to be fun I ne ver imagine it would be like this. Mr. Clark looks at her and gives her an evil smile. Then, he says to Paula, Lets play a game, if you win you and your friend may leave, but if you lose you and your friend must stay forever. Paula thinks for a long irregular and nods her head up and down. He looks at Paula for a moment and says Answer me this if you are correct you and your friend may go. Am I alive or is this your imagination? Paula stares at Mr. Clark and responses you are alive.Mr.Clark laughs, Child, how can I be alive if I died in 1963 replies Mr. Clark. Paula begins to cry along with Christina, and mouths the words I am sorry. The lights turn off again, bang, bang, bang. Paula holds her hands out trying to feel for Christina the lights turn back on again. Mr. Clark is nowhere to be found. Paula grabs Christinas hand and yells hurry, the window, now Paula and Christina, crawl out the window, look to see where the car is parked and ran towards it. The girls quickly get in, crying and scare. Paula turns the car on, put it in gear and head out the ranch.As both Paula and Christina seat in the car crying for a long while Paula breaks the silence and says Christina, promise me that this will be our last haunted house. Christina replies definitely, Paula this was our last one. The girls continue to drive on the dark road, without realizing the road does not end. Then Christina turns to Paula and asks Paula, are we getting closer to your house now? Paula looks at the road and realizes its the road to Saddle Creek ranch. Paula realizes what has happened and turns to Christina and says Christina, I am sorry but Saddle Creek ranch is our home now.

Proposal for Reparations of African Americans Essay

Due to the fact that many African-Americans cannot trace their genealogy back more than tercet generations, It would be extremely difficult to distinguish between those who atomic number 18 descended from Freemen and those descended from Slaves.Therefore, although it should have some impact on reparations, we must take into account those who cannot trace their genealogy( nigh 3/4th of African- Americans). We also must remember that in essence, no African-Americans were completely free. Many b neglects, Freeman and Slaves alike were lynched, falsely imprisoned, violate, murdered, and subject to sub-human treatment. It is almost hopeless to estimate the economic hardship caused by break ones backry and the aftermath that followed.To this day the African-American family still suffers from the aftermath of striverry. We see it in the form of Poerty, under-education, Discrimination, and Black on Black crime. Consider that Blacks are seriously under-represented in many of our nations top fields. Less than .05 percent of African-Americans are CEOs in corporate America. Blacks are also a rarity in Law, Medicine, and higher education, What follows is my estimation of the reparations needed.1st generation descendant of slave 500,000 of Freeman 350,000 2nd generation descendant of slave 350,000 of Freeman 225,000 3rd generation descendant of slave 225,000 of Freeman 180,000 4th generation descendant of slave 180,000 of Freeman 120,000 5th generation descendant of slave 120,000 of Freeman 90,000 6th generation descendant of slave 90,000 of Freeman 60,000 7th generation descendant of slave 60,000 of Freeman 30,000.Additional Moneys.Family member lynched 60,000 per family Family member raped by slave master 20,000 Family member falsely imprisoned 6,000It is important to note that in the event that it cannot be determined whether a family descended from Freemen or Slaves, an intermediate should be taken from the two. Also, in the event that a generation has no living survivors, that money shall not be awarded and is not subject to inheritance. As for Moneys for family menders lynched, raped, or falsely imprisoned, this must be a direct result of slavery and most be proven beyond a preponderance of the evidence.Therefore, each differentiate shall appoint a committee of six members, at least three of them being African-Americans. These committees will be responsible for investigating all claims on an one-on-one basis and awarding money. If, for example, a member of the 3rd generation starts a claim and dies before the moneys are awarded than that money shall be subject to inheritance.The committee will have a period of five years to investigate and award all moneys. In the event that a family wants to appeal their award or lack there of, their claims shall be directed to the State supreme court. The court will have three years to render decisions on all claims.In state to ensure the financial stability of the United States, these payments shall be made over a period of 15 yrs. However, in the case of persons who have been awarded moneys and are over the age of 55, they will have the option of taking a discounted lump sum of 40% of the moneys owed.

Tradition Hinders Our Progress

Tradition is the enemy of build Weather its religious traditions preventing the study of the dead for better understanding of the living to the churches traditions stopping the gain into the realization that the Earth is not the center of the universe or to take something recent Umbilical cord debates over weather to use them for life frugality stem cell research. Tradition is the common enemy among Progress into the future people want the results of science we live our lives due to science but much many of our general populous does not agree with the means we use to modernize the radical discoveries of science.I can see how traditions can hinder progressif you subscribe to past ideals it can deter from advancement. If we are going to look gumption at what Mary and John did in the past to solve a problem every time, then how are we going to move forward? What am saying is that look back once or twice get the formula then learn and apply that knowledge, improve on it then build but we keep going back and back and back and back It is in fact the enemy for progress.I think that traditions do prevent progess. The best example of this can be seen rulal areas where knowledge is just passed over from maven generation to another and children are not allowed to study more they are just used as a labour. Another example is of early married couple of girls who are married at an age of 10 or 11 which ruin their lives. in the end i would like to conclude that these tradions r bar our way to new things.

Marriott Corporation: The Cost of Capital

In April 1988, Dan Cohrs, vice president of project finance at the Marriott Corpo ration, was preparing his annual recommendations for the hurdle rates at each of the firms one-third divisions. Investment projects at Marriott were selected by discounting the appropriate cash flows by the appropriate hurdle rate for each division. In 1987, Marriotts sales grew by 24% and its generate on righteousness stood at 22%. Sales and earnings per share had doubled oer the previous four years, and the operating strategy was aimed at continuing this trend.Marriotts 1987 annual report stated We intend to remain a premier growth company. This means aggressively developing appropriate opportunities within our chosen lines of condescension live, arrest services, and related businesses. In each of these areas our goal is to be the preferred employer, the preferred provider, and the most profitable company. Mr. Cohrs recognized that the divisional hurdle rates at Marriott would have a significan t tack together on the firms financial and operating strategies.As a rule of thumb, increasing the hurdle rate by 1% (for example, from 12% to 12. 12%), decreases the present cheer of project inflows by 1%. Because destinationss remained roughly fixed, these changes in the grade of inflows translated into changes in the net present regard as of projects . Figure A shows the substantial effect of hurdle rates on the anticipated net present value of projects. If hurdle rates were to increase, Marriotts growth would be reduced as once profitable projects no longer met the hurdle rates.Alternatively, if hurdle rates decreased, Marriotts growth would accelerate. Marriott also considered using the hurdle rates to twist back incentive compensation. Annual incentive compensation constituted a significant portion of total compensation, ranging from 30% to 50% of base pay. Criteria for bonus awards depended on specialised job responsibilities but often included the earnings level, th e ability of managers to meet budgets, and overall corporate performance.There was some interest, however, in basing the incentive compensation, in part, on a comparison of the divisional return on net assets and the trade-based divisional hurdle rate. The compensation plan would then reflect hurdle rates, making managers to a greater extent sensitive to Marriotts financial strategy and detonator market conditions. Professor Richard Ruback prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate all effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.Copyright 1998 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, hold open Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectro nic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewith knocked out(p) the permi ssion of Harvard Business School.Marriott Corporation the live of Capital1. How does Marriott use its estimate of its apostrophize of great(p)? Does this make sense? Marriott has defined a clear financial strategy containing four elements. To determine the terms of crown, which also acted as hurdle rate for investment decision, comprise of capital estimates were generated from each of the three business divisions lodging, contract services and restaurants. Each division estimates its cost of capital based on Debt Capacity address of Debt equal of EquityAll of the above are propose individually for each of the three divisions, and this is a critical edicttion due to the varying cost of debt in particular for each division. Marriott then calculate company huge cost of capital using weighted mediocre out of the individual divisions cost of capital. This is a very clever approach, particu larly as we see that for example the lodging unit, has a 74% debt percentage in the capital structure, and the fact that Marriott use long term cost of debt for lodging (which in this case is close to Government debt 110 bps margin) demonstrates the low respect investors behold this side of the business to haveWe believe this approach is sound due to the difference in the cost of capital between the divisions being a function of the risk associated with the investments considered so this approach incorporates the fact that risk between the divisions varies. Given this we believe the method chosen by Marriott is compliant with the Marriott Financial Strategy as the capital costing approach is due alert and reflect the mavin entity risk (bottom-up) rather than an estimated top-down.We believe this approach enables Marriott to optimize the financial performance and in turn increase the shareholder value. 2. If Marriott used a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business, what would happen to the company over duration? Marriotts three divisions are very different in terms of business area, business risk and capital structure (debt capacity). The result is varying capital cost between the divisions. For instance Lodging has a significant lower cost of capital (WACC) than the Restaurant and even than the company as a whole.Using a single company-wide hurdle rate would create an uneven process in assessing investment opportunities across the divisions. In practical terms the play/reject decision would not reflect the inherent business risk of the division, which could lead to investments being accepted, season they should have been rejected. Given the WACC tallys in the following questions, we see there is a significant difference in the cost of capital between the different divisions varying from 8. 85% (Lodging) to 12. 11% (Restaurants)Therefore, if we were to use one single corporate hurdle rate, w e would consider in this instance that we would use the Marriott WACC of 10. 01%, then we may reject an investment in Lodging which would yield a positive NPV and vice versa, we may accept an investment opportunities in Restaurants which potentially would yield a negative NPV. Going back to the brief, we know that typically an increase in hurdle rate of 1% will decrease present value of project inflows by 1%. If we were to then use one hurdle rate (10. 1%) and take the lodging hurdle rate (8. 85%) this would be an increase in WACC of 13. 10% (lodging) and would therefore decrease PV of project inflows by the same 13. 10% so the effect of using a single rate is compounded, firstly it impacts the decision, and the PV due to the discount impact. Over cartridge clip a single hurdle rate (if consistently high than the existing approach) would significantly hurt the performance of company as the approach could lead Marriott to reject (or accept) investment opportunities which should h ave been accepted (or rejected).This would destroy shareholder value. 3. What is Marriotts Weighted Average follow of Capital? What types of investments would you value using Marriotts WACC? To calculate Marriotts WACC, we need to assess three factors 1) Capital structure, 2) Cost of debt, 3) Cost of Equity. As the corporate tax rate is given we will not manually calculate it. If required we would have used the financial statement in appendix 1 to do so.After having calculated the three factors mentioned above we employ the following formula to incur WACC WACC = (1-t)*rD*(D/V) + rE*(E/V) where Re = After tax cost of equity, Rd = pre tax cost of debt, E = market value of the firms equity, D = market value of the firms debt, V = E + D = firm value, E/V = percentage of financing that is equity, D/V = percentage of financing that is debt and t = corporate tax rate. 1) Capital Structure We find the capital structure in get across A on page 4 in the case. As the debt percentage in capi tal D/V in the WACC formula is given we find the equity percentage in capital (E/V) as E/V= 1 D/V.Using this we see Marriott is funded using 60% debt and 40% equity. We do see to it the info in Table A is the target-leverage ratio, but we are comfortable using the target capital structure for this purpose instead of the reliable capital structure. 2) Cost of Debt The cost of debt is mathematically defined as Cost of Debt = (1-t) rD, where rD is the rate for pretax cost of debt and (1-t) represents the tax shield via the corporate tax rate. In the following rD is calculated, while the tax shield is not included until the final WACC calculation.Marriotts debt was divided into two different segments go rate and fixed rate. 40% of Marriotts debt was drift rate where the interest rate payment changes with changes in the market interest rates, while 60% was fixed rate. The case gives a debt rate premium above government, but information about term structure or other features of th e floating debt are limited. We believe the correct way to estimate the cost of debt is to estimate the cost per debt type/segment and then in a second step weigh the costs using the debt structure.To do this we estimate that the floating debt rate is best estimated using the 1yr government rate in Table B for the reason that we do not have any shorter term information or average, and this most closely would represent floating. While for the fixed debt portion we have selected the 10yr government rate. Again, this is due to a mix of long term and shorter term fixed debit. This is the best assumption we can take using the data provided. Given the above the cost of debt of Marriott is Average((1yr Gov. ate)*(Floating debt fraction) + (10yr Gov. rate)*(Fixed Debt Fraction)) + Debt Rate Premium Above Government Average((6. 90%)(40%) + (8. 72%)(60%)) +1. 30% = 9. 29% 3) Cost of Equity Cost of Equity is found using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) or rE = RF+ ? i(ERM RF), Where r F is the risk easy rate we estimated earlier, ? is the systematic risk or the overall risk factor and (ERM RF) is the price of risk or market risk premium (MRP) investors expect over and above what the risk dethaw securities yield.To be consistent in selecting expected market return and the risk free rate, we have selected to use the same judgment of conviction period for both estimates. Using Exhibit 4 and 5 we find the appropriate data. We take the longest time period available as we believe this is the conservative method as outliers in the data is crowded out due to the law of large numbers, which increases the empirical probability of accuracy. Given this we have selected 1926-87 average returns of the long-term U. S government hold fast as the risk free rate (RF) thus RF is 4. 58%. (Exhibit 4).The MRP is estimated using Exhibit 5, where we use the S excess return over the long term U. S government bond over the same time period as the risk premium (ERM RF) = MRP = 7. 43% . S is chosen as the market return as the stock index represents a wide and diversified range of equity across different sectors and industries. Given this we believe it is fair to use the S excess return over the risk free rate as the market risk premium (MRP) To find the ? we need to adjust the equity ? given in Exhibit 3 as it reflects the current capital structure and not the target structure.To re-calculate in order for the ? to reflect the Marriott target capital structure, we first calculate the unleveraged ? and then re-leverage it with the target capital structure. The unleveraged ? is calculated using Unlevered ? = Equity ? / (1 + (1 t) x (Debt/Equity)). As all data is given in Exhibit 3, we find unleveraged ? = 0. 7610. (See detailed calculations in excel sheet downstairs tab Exhibit 3). To re-leverage the data we re-write the formula Equity ? = Unlevered ? * (1 + (1 Tc) x (Debt/Equity)) = 0. 7610 *(1+(1-34%)*(60%/(1-60%)) = 1. 514.We now have all the data need to calc ulate the cost of equity rE = RF + ? (ERM RF ) 4. 58%+ 1. 514(7. 43) =15. 83%. Finally we find WACC by employing the formula WACC = E/V ? rE + D/V ? rD ? (1 t) 40%*15. 83% + 60% *(9. 29%(1-34%)) = 10. 01%. Please find all detailed calculations in the attracted excel sheet under tab Table A. We would value an investment of similar risk, which would offer us a return higher than the WACC of 10. 01%, as anything over and above this in terms of return would be adding value as the present value of the future cash flows in that case would be positive.In otherwords, we could use WACC as our discount rate and hurdle rate to calculate NPV of potential investment projects of physical asset, where it is expected the financing will be similar to the financing of the company conducting the investment. 4. What is the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions? The WACC calculation methodology is the same for the divisions as the calculations under question 3. However the inputs ar e changed to mirror the attributes and characteristics of the divisions.Please also see excel spreadsheet included within this submission for segmentation of the calculations. Lodging Cost of debt For the calculations of the fixed rate debt, we are using the 30 year government bond rate instead of the 10 year. This is a formulation of the comments in the case about the longer durability of the asset and longer financing. For the floating leg of the debt, we continue to use the 1 year government bond rate. rD = Average((1year US (Table B)*Fraction of Floating Debt + 30 Year US*Fraction of Fixed Debt) + 1. 10% rD = Average((6. 90%*50% + 8. 5%*50%) + 1. 10% = 9. 03% Cost of equity To be consistent we opt for the long-term securities and long-dated data just as we did when calculation the cost of equity in question 3. As for the ? we use the peer group as presented in Exhibit 3. Hence to find the unleveraged beta, we take the average of the equity ? s of the peer group the average deb t/equity ratio. After having calculated the unleveraged ? , we re-leverage using the target capital structure of the lodging division. We realize the limitations of using comparable companies to estimate the ? nd understand the criticalness of defining the right peer group of comparable companies. We could most likely have increased the accuracy of our calculations by being more due diligent in the selection to find companies that were a closer match to the Lodging (and restaurant) division. However, for the purpose of the calculations in this case, we use the peer group defined in the exhibit. Restaurants Cost of debt For the calculations of the fixed rate debt the 10 year government bond is used. rD = Average((1year US (Table B)*Fraction of Floating Debt + 10 Year US*Fraction of Fixed Debt) + 1. 10% D = Average((6. 90%*25% + 8. 72%*75%) + 1. 10% = 10. 07% Cost of equity To reflect the shorter nature of the assets in the restaurant business division, we use short securities to es timate the risk free rate and the risk premium. We use the same method for estimating ? as we did for the Lodging calculations. Using the data described above, we find WACCLodging to be 8. 85% and WACCRestaurants to be 12. 11%. These findings support the notion that incorporating debt will lower the cost of capital due to the tax shield. Lodging has a debt/equity ratio of 74/26 against the 42/58 in the restaurant division. See detailed calculations in the attached excel sheet) We would also like to point out that of the restaurants given in the brief, many of these would in essence not necessarily be our peer group per se and we would be more selective over the restaurants we would selected to more closely mirror Marriotts restaurants. With our aim to ensure we have the closest peer group possible for comparison. 5. What is the cost of capital for Marriotts contract services division? How can you estimate its equity cost without publicly traded comparable companies?We use the same f ramework as for the WACC calculations under Q3 and Q4. However, as we do not have a defined ? for the Contract Service division or an adequate peer group, we will estimate the ? using the existing data for Marriott and the two divisions. We know from the literature that a (holding) companys ? is the weighted ? s of the individual business divisions. We use the revenue as the catalyst for the deliberation of the ?. For the purpose of the calculations we use the unleveraged ? s. Mathematical this can be expressed as ?(Marriott) = Revenue Weight (Lodging)* ? Lodging) + Revenue Weight (Contract Division)* ? (Contract Division) + Revenue Weight (Restaurants)*? (Restaurants). To find the ? (Contract Division) we re-write the formula to ?(Contract Division) = ? (Marriott) Revenue Weight (Lodging)* ? (Lodging) Revenue Weight (Restaurants)*? (Restaurants)/ Revenue Weight (Contract Division) ?(Contract Division) = 0. 7610 40. 99%*0. 5841 13. 49%*1. 0014/45. 52% = 0. 8490 Adjusting for th e target capital structure we find ? (Contract Division) equals 1. 223 Using this data, we find WACC for the Contract Service division to be 10. 82%.

Cultural Observation Essay

Cultural Observation Culture is the sum total of larn beliefs, values, and customs in which a multitude of a particular society live. Culture is dynamic and always changing however retains patterns that form its basic infrastructure. legion(predicate) aspects of a peoples society make up ones close including religion, economy, language, politics, etc. Cultures are not finite and in legion(predicate) instances have on that point testify number of sub cultures within them.This variation among cultures brings about man consequences between populations, which can be positive or negative. I have been given the task to use participant observation in order to form a complete report on the daily well-disposed interactions of humans in the nonsuch Louis knowledge domain. The location I chose is in the middle of a higher learning environment known as a college campus. The area lies in the middle of the campus and has a large structure with a device that measures and tracks time. It is a frequently used path by the students of the campus, which allows for galore(postnominal) social observations to be made.As stated earlier the space is a paseo highway for students with the intimately traffic-taking place in the morning at the end of each hour for a period of about ten minutes. The pathway is a large round a bout that circles around the clock tower structure with 4 perpendicular paths continuing off from the circle. I sat on a large concrete staircase that overlooks the circle, for my observations. I sat for one and a fractional hours observing the following. For the duration of my observation, which began at 1100am I had numerous people sitting on the stair case fixture in front of me.At one point there were a total of 23 people sitting on the concrete stairs. These 23 people were paired off in groups of no more than 6. When the time came closer to the end of the hour, there was a dramatic increase in traffic flow around the clock structure. galore(postn ominal) of the people walked at a steady pace and seemed to have been walking solo. almost people walked in groups but if it was a group of more than one the majority walked in pairs. As the new hour began the traffic flow dramatically dropped. The make up of the study population varied in many categories.The ages of the people were predominantly that of 18-21 year olds, with occasional middle-aged people and young professionals. During the iron heel of traffic it seemed to have a larger population of females than males walking with the area. This was also found for the people who chose to sit on the concrete stairs. Of the people who sat down, 15 of them were female and the rest male. During the rush I noticed many different ethnicities that ranged from Caucasian white, to Asian, to Middle Eastern, and African American. Disregarding race, a pattern among the people arose during observation.The females leaned towards wearing more high cost garments than the males did. This relate d to the observation that many women seemed to be of high economic status in comparison to males. In regards to discernable space I found that females were much more prone to set minimal space between themselves when interacting. Males seemed to keep a good distance from each other while interacting. For the majority, during the rush of walking traffic, people followed the rule of walking to there right while entering the circle even though this rule was not stated on any sign that I could see.Some people were more aggressive in there walking patterns and people on bicycle contraptions were permitted the right of way in most occasions. Physical interactions were most abundant among females and males who interacted. Males who were walking with a female had less space between them than males who were walking with another male. People sitting on the stairs would occasional fill in physical contact with the highest percentage of outcomes being a laugh following the physical touch.Over all I noticed a pattern that people of the same race for the majority stuck together, giving the impression of subcultures with in the population. Given the location, I concluded that the reason for all the people in the walking rush had the shared commitment of attending classes for learning purposes. For the people who sat down on the stairs it was much harder to find a reason for there mankind social interaction. The weather was optimal that day which would most likely attract such a leisurely activity response.The population was visually extremely various but some common trends were found that differentiated people. The most apparent difference was that of the nature of the people of Asian descent. They more than anyone kept to there own group and clearly spoke a different language than the rest of the population. This could be a barrier between them and the rest of the people who seem to spoken language the dominant language of the area. From my observations I have been able to determine many things about the population of Saint Louis.More research must be do especially with people of different ages in order to get a more accurate picture of how people in Saint Louis behave but from my observations many patterns stuck out among people from ages 18-21. One of the most puzzling aspects was the wearing of a garment on the top of a persons head. I could not find a distinct pattern as to what type of people or what situations these head garments were supposed to be for. The only practical exercising I came up with was the use of it to keep the sun of their eyes, but many did not use it for this purpose.If it pertains to simply a fashion accessory it would appear to be more common among younger male populations. Another observation was the commonality of wearing t-shirts or other garments that either said Saint Louis University or Saint Louis in some form. From this I have determined that people are proud of the organizations and areas they have some sort of investment in. This also led me to conceptualise that people use their garments to communicate subtly to other people certain information about themselves.A majority of garments worn had some form of there language written on them. Overall more research must be done on the human race to cross-reference these ideas. It is obvious that culture is dynamic and works on several different levels in this complex society of people. Simply observing can tells us many things about there culture but will only get us so far. We must make plans to immerse ourselves in there actual culture to really get an accurate picture of what it means to be part of Saint Louis, and ultimately, what it means to be human.

Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change Essay

In whole academic institutions and related fields, it is required that all undertakings take place with one upholding academic integrity. Academic integrity is defined as the ethical constitution or moral code of academia. The values complicate the aspects of avoiding plagiarization, avoiding cheating, being honest and rigorous in academic publishing and research as well as maintaining academic standards. These are the main aspects though the aforementioned(prenominal) will be presented in different pass waterats by different institutions in their fight against any form of academic dishonesty (Bertram et al., 2008).Plagiarism is an integral quality of academic integrity. It is demanded that all forms of plagiarisation be avoided. though still lacking clear definitions and clear rules, plagiarism is defined as the wrong appropriation as well as stealing and publicizing another writers ideas, thoughts, language or twist with the representation of the same as ones own unique wor k. In the industry and academia, plagiarism is a major ethical offense that constitutes copyright infringement (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008).Plagiarism involves many aspects. The various fractions include the major one which is copying ideas or words from another without giving credit. another(prenominal) plagiarism component is handing in someone else work as ones own. Plagiarism also involves provision of inaccurate information on a given starting time of quotation. Another aspect is failing to insert quotations on quotation marks. Plagiarism also involves the copying of many ideas or words from a given source making up majority of ones work whether giving credit or not. Another component of plagiarism is the changing of words in a blame but copying the sentence structure of the source without giving credit. Apart from academia, other components of plagiarism exist in art and journalism. It involves the office of video, image or pieces of music in some produced work without pro viding the appropriate citation or having acquire proper permission. Other aspects involve the scanning of a secure image. The recreation of visual work in a different medium is also considered as plagiarism. One is also said to plagiarize if they barrack some visual work in same medium. One is also not supposed to get down video or audio with copyrighted video or music playing in the flat coat or else it will be taken as plagiarism. The performance of another persons copyrighted music in art is also labeled as plagiarism. Another component of plagiarism in art is composing pieces in music which borrow heavily from another persons composition. With the leap of the internet, plagiarism on this platform has taken the form of content scraping which is the copying and pasting from blogs and websites (Lathrop & Foss, 2005).The most telling strategy to avoid plagiarism is to properly cite the sources. One needs to acknowledge that a part of their material is borrowed. One should th en proceed to provide the appropriate audience with the necessary information to celebrate the source. For art and journalism, the strategy to prevent the plagiarism of copyrighted items involves citing them in the proper way and confirming kit and boodle usage permission. For the internet, to prevent copy-pasting, one of the strategy is to disable the right clicking option. The other is the placement of warning banners on copyrights on the web pages (Lathrop & Foss, 2005).To ensure academic integrity, there are various sources of assistance for students. One of the avenues is to subscribe for help from the course instructors. learners can also use graduate advisors or academic advisors in several(prenominal) academic departments for assistance with any academic work. Faculty members can also provide assistance by approving any research assistance that will be accorded to the students. Some academic institutions also cast academic resource centers to help students with researc h work (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008).ReferencesBertram, G. T., In Ward, K., In Wolf-Wendel, L. E., & Association for the Study of higher(prenominal) Education. (2008).Academic integrity in the 21st century A teaching and learning imperative. San Francisco, Calif Jossey-Bass.Lancaster, J. M., & Waryold, D. M. (2008).Student conduct practice The complete guide for student affairs professionals. Sterling, Va Stylus Pub.Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2005).Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity Strategies for change. Westport, Conn Libraries UnlimitedSource document

Learning from Ojt

ON-THE-JOB TRAINING AT nursing home DEVELOPMENT MUTUAL FUNDS (PAG-IBIG FUND) In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor of Science in entropy Technology Submitted by Arce P. Bal wear downado Submitted to Ms. Ruth Bongales March 2013 Table Of Contents II. Background of the high society III. Summary of the OJT fix IV. Assessment of the OJT/Practicum Program A. novel noesis, attitudes and skills acquired B. Theories actually seen in practice C. Feedback that can be given to the association or institution D. Benefits gained E. Problems Encountered V. Appendices A. participation brochure B. Copy of the Endorsement LetterSimilar essay Theories truly Seen In Practice in OjtC. Copy of the breeding Plan D. Copy of the Signed Waiver orchest tell E. Daily Time Record F. Quarterly functioning Appraisal Forms G. Certificate of Completion II. Background of the Company The birth of the Home Development Mutual stock (HDMF) The birth of the Home Development Mutual breed (HD MF), more(prenominal) popularly known as the Pag- IBIG Fund, was an answer to the need for a national savings political program and an affordable shelter financing for the Filipino worker. The Fund was established on 11 June 1978 by fairness of Presidential Decree no 1530 primarily to address these two basic yet equally essential needs.Under the said law, at that place were two agencies that administered the Fund. The Social Security System handled the currency of private employees, while the organisation Service Insurance System handled the savings of government workers. Less than a year after on 1 March 1979, Executive Order No. 527 was signed. The order directed transferring the administration of the Fund to the subject field Home Mortgage Finance Corporation, which was hotshot of the operating agencies of the then Ministry of Human Settlements. Seeing the need to throw out strengthen the stability and viability of the two funds, Executive Order No. 38 was issued on 4 June 1979, group meeting the funds for private and government personnel into what is now known as the Pag-IBIG Fund. However, It was plainly on 14 December 1980 when Pag-IBIG was made independent from the NHMFC with the signing of PD 1752, which amended PD 1530. With the reformd law in effect, the Funds rule- do power was vested in its own Board of Trustees. Likewise, PD 1752 made Pag-IBIG rank and file mandatory for all muster and GSIS member-employees A reinvigorated Administration, some changes in Pag-IBIG Months after former President Corazon C.Aquino assumed leadership of the country, Pag-IBIG components were hang from May to July 1986. This gave way to the Presidential Task Force on Shelter to conduct a extreme review of the Fund and its operations. The task force later affirmed that Pag-IBIG Fund was run professionally and that there were no anomalies in the Fund. On 1 August 1986, former President Aquino directed the resumption of Pag-IBIG rank under Executive Order No. 35. Membership was still on a mandatory flat coat but under more liberal terms. For one, contribution rate was reduced from three percent to one percent for employees earning over P1,500.Employer share was likewise cut from three percent to a fixed rate of two percent. The Maximum Fund Salary was raised from P3,000 to P5,000. 1 January 1987 marked the return of the Pag-IBIG Fund to a pull up stakesing program under Executive Order No. 90. While many companies chose to discontinue their Pag-IBIG membership, quite a number, including big companies like PLDT and Dole Philippines, nevertheless opted to retain their membership to the Fund despite the voluntary nature of registration. Facing challenges head on Confronted with the sudden reduction in its membership base, Pag-IBIG stood unfazed and took the challenges head on.As a scratch step, the Fund implemented an intensified marketing campaign that focused on membership retentiveness and generation. It was during the years as a voluntary fund that Pag-IBIG evolved from an institution primarily for savings and housing into an business office with a wider reach that covers almost all other needs. Pag-IBIG introduced innovative benefit programs that heeded the calls for expansion of membership to implicate self-employed groups with informal income, overseas Filipino workers, and non-earning spouses.It also launched other novel programs such as the Multi-Purpose give for its short-term loans program, and shelter programs that address both individual and institutional housing requirements. Clearly, the voluntary nature of Pag-IBIG membership did not stop the Fund from growing in depth and breadth. During the period, the Pag-IBIG Fund has claimed its rightful place in the countrys economic and financial system, finally gaining the acceptance of its members, not by force, but by its continuing efforts to discover upon the members that the Fund exists solely for their benefit as puff up as their beneficiar ies.After eight years as a voluntary fund, the nature of Pag-IBIG membership reverted to mandatory on 17 June 1994 when President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic subprogram 7742. The unsanded law became efficient on 1 January 1995. Today, more than a decade after the bothday Pag-IBIG coverage law was implemented, the Pag-IBIG Fund continues to be a strong partner in realizing Filipino workers dreams. over the years, it initiated more programs and projects, particularly those that address the needs of members belonging to the bottom economic level.The Fund has established excess housing partnerships with teachers and uniformed men, among others. The Rent-to-Own Program was introduced, providing members another affordable way of homeownership. The Funds efforts towards housing the Filipino did not go unnoticed. During the World Habitat Day celebration in October 2006, Pag-IBIG was given the prestigious Scroll of Honour Awards by the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-H abitat) for making the dream of affordable housing a reality for hundreds of thousands of households. Pag-IBIG is the first Philippine government agency to be awarded such recognition.The Fund likewise strengthened its partnership with genuine developers by way of its various institutional lending programs, among which is the much-sought after program for the development of medium and multistoried condominium buildings. The program provides a ready inventory of condominium units for sale at affordable prices, and allows members to invite condominium style living in areas close to their places of work. In recent years, the Fund has embarked on its booming bid in the financial market, moving a step closer to its vision of becoming a premier and globally competitive provident financial institution.In 2001, the Fund floated P2 billion-worth of Pag-IBIG Housing Bonds to generate additional funds for its shelter financing programs, which was warmly received by both institutional and individual investors. The bonds matured in late 2006. HDMF Law of 2009 Recognizing HDMFs contributions through the years and the need to further strengthen its capability as the biggest denotation of housing finance in the country to date, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed into law Republic Act No. 9679 or the Home Development Mutual Fund Law of 2009. The law was signed on 21 July 2009.Under the new HDMF law, membership to the Pag-IBIG Fund is made mandatory for all SSS- and GSIS-covered employees uniformed members of the AFP, BFP, BJMP and PNP as well as Filipinos employed by foreign-based employers. Now more than ever, Filipino workers will enjoy the benefits that are available only to Pag-IBIG members. Likewise, the law grants the HDMF exemption from tax payments like other government provident institutions. With its tax-exempt status reinstated, Pag-IBIG will collect more funds to finance housing and short-term loans as well as investments in government securities.Incom e from these endeavors is distributed exclusively to Pag-IBIG members in the form of dividends. The HDMF Law of 2009 also gives the Board of Trustees the authority to set the contribution rates, thereby paving the way for members to save more for their future. Similarly, this will bolster the Funds resources for home financing. Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands for Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan Ikaw, Bangko, Industria at Gobyerno. To this day, the Pag-IBIG Fund continues to harness these four sectors of the society to work together owards providing Fund members with adequate housing through an effective savings scheme. III. Summary of the OJT Experience .. I well-educated a lot from my experiences as an on-the-job Trainee of PAG-IBIG fund, Therma runny Inc. First of all, Im very much gratified for the support and understanding of my superiors especially on times when I committed mistakes. More than any learning thought in prepare, I learned to be with others, to work with people . Furthermore, Im very grateful that they expose me so much on what I must know regarding the work which suits my course.Im very thankful that they treat me like them and they consecrate me with my work. I appreciate so much the working environment I had with in the company because it helps me negligent what I need to know.. The everyday experiences I had in this company are really most treasured. The knowledge I obtain here are beyond compare than any other experiences I acquired from school and supplementary learning from books. What I had here will of all time be with me and rest assured I will apply what Ive in every circumstance that I will encounter.. IV. Assessment of the OJTA. New knowledge, attitudes, and skills acquired -the knowledge that Ive acquired on my On-the-Job Training is to frame more specific from what I am saying because lots of clients may not understand the things that you explain to them and. -the attitudes that Ive learned on my On-the-Job Training is to become consistent from what Im telling and become strong in every struggle that may come and forever smile when you are communicating your client and stick outly feignt let others tread your personality and tell them that you are and educated person. I improve my typing skills and communication skills and also my analyzation skills because lots of clients are telling that they are member of Pag-Ibig before but they dont have their own Pag-Ibig ID Number and some clients having conflicts with their names, birthdays, birthplace and it may bother them in register their loan. B. Theories actually seen in practice .. As a new entrants into the system of rules, Ive learned that new hires have always required extra organizational attention to develop the required level of competency. Regardless of academic place setting or previous work experience, the new hires should be aware of he organizations policies, culture, and accusation understand the goals and requirements of their wor k area and use specific areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes to do their jobs. These are all areas of competence that the employee should develop. Recently, less organizations seem to be hiring large numbers of new hires. It might seem that employee competence would be touched less by this situation. However, recent hiring patterns have only complicated the matter. Instead of relying on permanent new hires.. C. Feedback that can be given to the company or institution ..Continuous Improvement Efforts that can changes in employee competence also occur as a result of continuous improvement efforts.. Whenever teams of employees get together to improve how the work is done, they often result in recommendations for change. These recommendations can involve the simplification of work, use of a new tool, eliminate redundant steps in work process, or some combination of them all. When these recommendations are enacted, changes in employee competence can be expected and also Multiskilli ng for them to continuous improvement process suggests ways of making work more ef? ient, it often means that employees responsibilities must broaden or that they must become more multiskilled.. D. Benefits gained The programme seeks to provide the following benefits for trainees * Trainees are provided with job experience, an invaluable asset for achieving gainful employment. * Trainees are heart-to-heart to the numerous advantages that are associated with being employed. They earn an income through a stipend but they also become more familiar with interpersonal relationships, networking, responsibility and the importance of interdependence within the working environment. Trainees get an chance to prove themselves to an employer and, based on their work performance and the existence of vacancies within the organization, theymayeventually be employed on a more permanent basis. For employers * The cost of this mutually beneficial programme is borne jointly by the government and em ployers so that the full financial burden falls on neither party. * By actively supporting the programme, companies have realized improved public image through their commitment to the national life-threatening as well as their contribution to full employment and an improved quality of life for all. The administration and employers are stakeholders in creating a more job ready labour force. E. Problems encountered .. During ojt, first problem is that you have to get along with the employees and clients.. You have to know them better and give all your best to make them cheerful when it comes to their concerns and applications.. Just be yourself and theyll like you.. V. Appendices A. Company Brochure B. Copy of the Endorsement Letter To Whom It May anguish I am writing to endorse to you Mr. Arce P. Baldonado, my previous employee. I was his manager in ABS Engineering Company for almost five years.I didnt make a mistake in promoting her to mechanical engineer last term. She makes it a point that she submits good outputs that even exceed the requirements necessitated quality. Mr. Baldonado is an enthusiastic trainee. He can work well with other people and also individually. But he is really more of a leader than a follower. He can manage and supervise other trainees as well. Little or no watch is needed when he is working. He has a reliable working habit that gives you the assurance that you can always count on him.. Mr. Baldonado is also good in management planning and implementing programs and techniques.He is also open and unforced to learn new things. I assure you that hiring he will be a good close as she is one of the best employees that I had. He could be an asset to your team and the whole organization as well. In cases of emergency, he is always willing to help.. Should you need more information, please feel justify to contact me. Thank you very much and have a nice day. Sincerely, Febie Ann Management C. Copy of the Training Plan D. Copy of the si gned Waiver form E. Daily Time Record F. Quarterly Performance Appraisal Forms G. Certificate of Completion

Case Assignment Essay

a. How did information analysis change agility/flexibility? Conducting analysis provided SEJ with the opportunity to strategize locations of stores and deliveries of the right products at the right times. b. How did info analysis scale down leftover goods that were perishable? Through the identification of product type, time and frequency, SEJ was able to reduce leftover goods that were perishable. Also, considering weather, topical anesthetic area events, and holidays they were able to adjust their ordering. c. How did electronic data acquisition reduce ordering/delivery become times?The orders were instantly sent and received by the vendor so the turn-around time was reduced. Trending these orders likewise allowed the vendors to be prepared with the items. d. What statistics did Seven-Eleven find that determined the success of a new store? They used several data points including, demographics for age, population, income etc. They considered local foot traffic, nearby schools , buildings and subways. They also balanced it with impacts of other local stores. e. How did Seven-Eleven share data electronically with its supply chain partners? They used their handheld terminals in each store to order forthwith through to the vendors.This data was also captured for analysis and transportation. 3. If you were to design an analogous information and data analysis administration for DCMA to oversee contractors and subcontractors a. What would the goals of that system be? For me trending issues with sub-tier suppliers should be addressed. Currently we are very poor at sharing information within our offices and across the organization. A large scale supply chain mapping, rating and track system with feedback from all employees would help in being predictive about dominance delivery and timberland issues. b.What data would you want to collect and how would you want to data mine it, or analyze the data to repair the performance of the contractor network and beco me aware of problems earlier? I would include both inherent and objective observations. Tracking delayed deliveries, their reasoning, CARs, Supplier CARs and supplier ratings or actions against their sub-tier would be the first step. I would also include subjective analysis by supply chain specialist to identify other areas of potential concern that may not have developed to the point of SCARs or delays.

The second is the exegetical or neoAugustinian

Our work is a literary analysis of Beowulf that focuses on the literary work but non history of the poem. Its going to be research how the story could be viewed as valiancy with the death of the hero. But at first we should review critical writings. Two briny critical approaches claim dominated the field in the last thirty long time. The first is the application to grey-headed English verse of the oral examination-formulaic theory that Mil piece of music Parry and Albert Lord developed out of their study of contemporary South-Slavic oral poetry.1 The second is the exegetical or neoAugustinian form of interpretation associated particularly with the name of D. W. Robertson in the area of medieval English literary works. 2 A major reason for the popularity of the first two theories is that they seem to finish offer integrated approaches to a poetry that for many modern readers lacks any clear and familiar structure. Imagine for a second the naive first re make a motionions to Be owulf of a reader hitherto accustomed further to modern literature (i. e. , literature in Modern English, since Shakespeare).Such a reader lead respond quickly and po dumbfoundively to any(prenominal) of the poems expositions of blood-red action will find curiously attractive some of the exotic atmosphere of mead-h each(prenominal) and dragon-mound and may jazz familiar emotions when reading a few highly lyrical passages. But surely he or she will find large sections of the poem imaginatively inert s low-pitchedmoving, redundant, didactic, often simply opaque. Such a reader -I might as well confess that this devils advocate I have in drumhead is myself at a very early stage may wonder why in the cosmos the poet has chosen to direct his attention where he does.Why does he keep tirelessly making the same points and corpulent the same kindsof illustrative stories over and over, yet spend so pitifully little time on the literary things we have been taught to think historic? On characterization, for instance, with its problems of development, complexity, clear motivation on richness of circumstance in the natural and physical background on informal, natural, and real interactions between people on a broad or rounded or ironic view of the world the poet presents.If we judge Beowulf by novelistic standards, it shows us a cast of ornately dressed and stuffed (or stuffy) mannequins, always ready to restate the obvious, acting out rituals as obscure as they are strenuous. The importance of Beowulf in establishing, from a literary-critical viewpoint, the definitive heroical room in Old English poetry merchantmannot be exaggerated. Beowulf and the Waldere fragments were held to constitute the tho narrative poems in an old Germanic dialect that in respect of their scale can be compared with the epics of other lands.3 For most readers today the epic quality of Beowulf is not in doubt. 4 Since Beowulf was obviously epic, it essential be an originally orall y imperturbable poem to which Christian colouring was subsequently added. 5 Now look more closely at the st shop text of Beowulf. On written pages, written (at least in this sole surviving manuscript) somewhat the year 1000, though probably copied from earlier versions, 6 we find a text largely tranquil of formulas. A concrete instance may serve to illustrate this idea of limitation. That highly conventional living creature the dragon is a simple example.If a dragon, a wyrm, a draca, appears in a stipulation passage, we can be sure that the terms utilise to it and the actions it performs will all lie well within a small compass of convention. In what follows, the numbers in parentheses indicate my rough count of the formulaic epithets and phrases applied to various aspects of the dragon in Beowulf. The count can only be approximate, since there is much overlapping. It will be noted at at once that some aspects are copiously, even redundantly, exemplified and restated.Though there is ample edition within each of these tight clusters of patterns, and though this variation indeed forms a striking feature of the style (admittedly iodine our novice reader will need some time to appreciate), the examples of variation never range far outside a drastically restricted number of fixed bases. We might call these bases typical expectations. Oral poetry as we see it in Beowulf is precisely, almost forbiddingly, the poetry of normal expectations. They appear in all its patterns.More specific terms for some of these patterns (though my use of terms will lack the rigorous lucidity of definition the theorist demands) include the following epithets habitually attached to characters or objects (ece drihten eternal lord or eald sweord away brand name, the attributes riveted tight to their nouns) type-characters (the gracious mead-pouring queen Wealhtheow) traditional narrative sequences (voyages, gift-giving, fights) gnomic assertions of permanent ethical values (sw a sceal man don thus should a man always do) certain heavily symbolic objects (weapons, ships, student residences, barrows) stock trimtings and props (benches to sit on, cups to drink from) habitual use of contrast to highlight and define (the pairing for effect of good Sigemund and puckish Heremod) certain recognizable emotional tones or attitudes ( hyperbolize, the elegiac tone), with their own characteristic vocabularies. Such a chronicle is only an incomplete outline, and in any case is deficient because it cannot show the complicated interweaving of these separate constituents that is so fundamentally typical of the verse.Although medievalists are perfectly familiar with flat type-characters of the kind we find in Beowulf, such(prenominal) characters may present some problem to readers more accustomed to the subtleties of characterization in later literature. handed-down types the venerable and wise old king, the intensely suffering woman, the hero oddly and remotely wrap ped in his sacred violence, the ravening monster from hell, the twisted young king unceremoniously pitched headlong off Fortunes Wheel these types can seem childishly simple. Exactly they are indeed the archetypal folk characters of our fairy-tales. allow us first consider the case of Unferth, a character who has constantly been made more enkindle than he really is, obsessively rounded by the critics into more complex and pleasing shapes.If Unferth really is a traditional type-character in medieval literature, then variants of the basic type should help us find the becoming category for him. Some classifications that have been suggested would label Unferth as Evil Counsellor, or All-Licensed Fool, or Official romance Guest-Tester, or Tolerated Coward (like Sir Kay in some Arthurian tales), or Raw Youth (like the rustic Perceval), perhaps in need of the guidance of a seasoned warrior-mentor who will polish his manners and heighten his courage. Yet Unferth seems to tramp across the boundaries between these categories in a confusing way. He may be some new-made type unrecorded elsewhere, a combination of several types, or even no type at all but a new invention of the poet, though this last is unlikely.The major stumbling block to critics, of course, has been the dissimilitude between the fact, on the one hand, that Unferth is shown not only as failing the explicit test of heroism at the meres edge (1465-71a) but as being sharply condemned by Beowulf (in the heat of the flyting, 581b-94) not only for cowardice but for having killed his own brothers, and the fact, on the other hand, that he evidently retains a place of watch over at Hrothgars court and generously lends Beowulf his sword, an act for which the hero warmly thanks him. In terms of the plethoric heroic values of the poem, how can Unferth thus show himself to be both bad and good? Unferth has important role as a spokesman for the community of Danes. Beowulfs notable tact in his successive parl eys with the Danes he met as he made his way to Heorot seemed to be evidence for his own awareness of this potential tension.The Danes must hear whether the Geat is nothing but a wandering showoff and braggart, coming fordolgilpe and forwlenco, out of foolish boastfulness and pride. If he is, it would be truly humiliating for them to betray their own desperate need for help by treating such a heroic charlatan with respect. Thus, even if Beowulfs very well-chosen words had placated some of the Danes, it is likely that not all were ready to embrace the visitor. Unferths sharp challenge of Beowulf may thus dramatically fill a mental need for the Danes as a whole. At the least, taking Unferth as the spokesman for many Danes obviates any necessity to rationalize why they show no disapproval of his challenge to Beowulf. Unferth does not stay around in the hall long enough to be killed by Grendel.But seeing him as one of these boasters over the ale-cup would explain later references to Unferth as a braggart. We should repute that we do not ever hear Unferth bragging, though the poet tells us (499-505) that Unferth dislikes sense of hearing any warrior praised as being any better than he is, an attitude consistent with being a braggart. But his only speech, the challenge to Beowulf, is no brag. There Unferth makes the bitch that it is Beowulf who is an empty braggart with a low heroic credit rating, whereas Breca, Beowulfs competitor in the swimming-race, is not. Later, when Unferth gives the sword Hrunting to Beowulf to use in the mere-fight, the poet tells us that the Dane does not remember what he had said when he was drunk (1465-68a).What must be referred to here is not the occasion of his attempt on Beowulf which we witnessed but some boast we never actually heard (but can infer from Hrothgars description just quoted), since the poets remark is immediately followed by the statement that Unferth himself did not dare to risk his own animateness in the mere. This is not a very distinctive failure. Neither did any other Dane. In this, Unferth once again seems merely representative. But only if he had been a conspicuous braggart in the past would his behavior now be considered reprehensible or even noteworthy. That the poet sees Unferth as representative Dane may, however, find some additional support elsewhere. It should be noted that Beowulf himself takes Unferths attack on him to be a Danish attack, one that requires a counterattack as much against the whole nation as against Unferth individually.In his reply (starting at 581b) he begins by addressing Unferth quite personally indeed, pointing out that, while he knows evidence that Unferth has killed his own brothers (a serious charge of friendly fire later validated by the poet, 1167-68), and perhaps by treachery, if the phrase peah pin wit duge though your wit is keen (589) implies some clever plotting, there is even more sensational evidence, twelve whole years of it, that Unferth ha s not been giving Grendel any trouble whatsoever. But Beowulf then moves on at once to strain the charge to include all Danes. Eower leode (596) is a plural really addressed over Unferths head to the auditory modality Danes, and it is followed by the plural terms Sigescyldinga, leode Deniga, Gardenum.None of these people, though they may not be brother-slayers, have ever given Grendel any trouble either. It will take a Geat to do that. Unferth is then a symbol of internal rather than merely private inadequacy. The closing lines of Beowulfs reply modulate out of mockery and into reassurance. Here Unferth may well stand for the Everydane who, the hero promises, will be able to go happy and safe to his dawning mead in Heorot next day, after Grendel has been taken out of the way. But before we speak further of comradeship, we must deal with Beowulfs devastating assertion that Unferth will be damned for killing his brothers. The remark is made in the context of a Germanic flyting or word-battle.Unferths challenge follows close on a long boasting speech by Beowulf (407-55) and Hrothgars description of the failure of the Danish hall-boasters to survive their encounters with Grendel. This combination of speeches sets up a interrogatory situation. If the Danes many boasts about defeating Grendel could never be carried out, and if Beowulfs boast about beating Breca in the swimming-contest could never be carried out, why then should anyone expect that the heros present boast offers any promise of fulfillment? Such is the nucleus of Unferths speech, but its tone is even more important. It is full of the taunting terms of hot heroic combat wunne struggled ymb sund flite competed in swimming he ? e ? t sunde oferflat he beat you at swimming h? fde mare m? gen he had greater strength.All this language is couched to stir the quick anger of any proud and touchy rival. redden though brother-slaying can be viewed as a terrible crime, as it certainly is by Beowulf when he wants to be accusatory, it can also be mentioned rather neutrally and casually, as I think is done here. Unferths rightfulness of great courage or spirit is in the main clause, and he is granted amnesty for fratricide in the subordinate clause. Critics have not generally accepted this particular subordination of importance, but I see no reason not to take this passage as straightforward and without any acidulous irony, even though the poet himself may be more critical of Unferths murderous past than the Danes seem to be.But this does not mean that the text here contains a patronizing allusion to the Danes lamentable and inexplicable blindness to Unferths real and foul nature it merely shows that they are not presently engaged in a flyting with him. A flyting would be the appropriate occasion to dredge up and bring forth such bits of past scandal, but the length of a flyting is limited and time-bound. Yet, though Unferth is thoroughly beaten in the flyting and proved to be infer ior to Beowulf in heroic achievement, he does not seem to be especially humiliated in this scene, partly because the poets center field is, as always, on Beowulfs greatness and partly because Unferth as a Dane must accept the evidence that only a nearsupernatural hero could have made any mark on Grendel.The Danes would much rather have saved their own great hall themselves but plainly they could not. So now they cheerfully set to work restoring Heorot to order (991 ff. ), and, though nothing is said about it, one would not be only if surprised to hear that Unferth was turning to and joining in the task. If then we see the argument between Unferth and Beowulf as coming to a full stop here, it seems most unlikely that Unferths later loan of a sword to Beowulf for the fight with Grendels mother is to be construed as a reopening of hostilities, or as a malicious act reflecting ill-feeling and resentment. It has been surmised that Unferth might know Hrunting to be a defective weapon. 7

Which Contribute to Low Health Expectancy in Developed Countries

Outline the factors which feed to low health expectancy in genuine countries. Identify and assess possible solutions to reduce this problem. health expectancy is the number of years a person can expect to live in candid health. (New Zealand Ministry of well-disposed Development, 2010). It reflects concern active the quality of life. Furthermore, low health expectancy means that raft live in poor health which is affected by ailments and disability. Many factors contribute to low health expectancy, including fastball and obesity.Society should pay more attention to solve these problems to increase health expectancy. This essay get out draw the factors which lead to low health expectancy, and then discuss the possible solutions to reduce the problem. First of all, it is obviously sess is a factor leading to low health expectancy which is very common in positive countries. To begin with, grass prevalence in European countries is 32% which is an extremely high number (WHO, 2012). In addition, there are some diseases caused by smoking is a well-known fact, such as lung disease and stroke.However, commonwealth arent aware that how serious it is the smoking problem affect to peoples health. In fact, WHO (2008, p. 14) points out smoked tobacco in any form causes up to 90% of all lung cancers, and a dozen different kinds of cancer and chronic disease are caused by smoking. To sum up briefly, smoking has a very serious impact on peoples health and life in essential countries. Then, this problem could be solved by reducing smoking prevalence and improving peoples awareness of the risk of smoking.The solutions will focus on three aspects which are individual, tobacco application and the political sympathies. Firstly, the solution for individual is quit smoking. Quit smoking is the direct effective way for smokers to increase health expectancy. According to WHO (2012), there are three-quarters of smokers want to quit smoking. However it is clearly that th e number who quit smoking successfully is far below this data, the main reason for the failure is smokers are addicted to nicotine. The nicotine in tobacco is not only causing a variety of diseases but also leading a super addictive (Hammond, 2009. . Secondly, the solution for the tobacco fabrication, they could do the appropriate measures such as add health warnings on tobacco packages, health warnings on tobacco packages increase smokers awareness of their risk (WHO, 2008, p. 34). But unfortunately, the tobacco industry would not be willing to do it unless the insurance policy requires them to do so. However, the relevant policies in many developed countries are lacking. So if the national laws and regulations force the tobacco industry to do it then the solution would be more effective.Thirdly, the solutions for government, the government should forbidding on tobacco advertising and raise tobacco taxes. WHO (2008, p. 37) states that if the government ban on tobacco advertising that the tobacco sales will have up to 16% decrease. In addition, increase tobacco taxes could raise the price of tobacco. According to WHO (2008, p. 39) that increasing the price of tobacco through higher(prenominal) taxes is the single most effective way to decrease consumption and encourage tobacco users to quit. In conclusion, the smoking problem will be solved by joint efforts of the whole community.Apart from that, another all important(p) factor which decreases peoples health expectancy is obesity. WHO (2012) states that obesity will become a study factor lead to lower health expectancy in the later parts of this century. Moreover, in developed countries obesity is a very severe problem that affects over 20% of adults on average (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, concord to WHO (2012), obesity is the main reason which causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancer. That means overweight people are anticipate to have a low health expectancy.To solve the pro blem of obesity, the solution could be considered from three aspects. The commencement aspect is at the individual level, people should reduce the energy intake from total fats and take symmetric carnal activity to prevent overweight, because obesity is caused by high-energy food intake and lack of physical activity (WHO, 2012). But obviously, this need people have a strong self-control, also diet and uppity exercise may be able to cause the other health problems. The second aspect is about the food industry, the main source of the high-energy food is processed food.Therefore the food industry should reduce the contentedness fat, sugar and salt in processed food, and try their best to provide fresh food, such as fruit, vegetables and nuts. However, the more healthy food will bring about higher prices, and then people will spend more money to modify the quality of their food. The third aspect is about the government and sociable organizations. The Government has a responsibilit y to help people to improve awareness of the prevention of obesity and to demonstrate more public exercise facilities. In terms of social organization, they should cooperate with the Government to implement the policy about obesity.For example, the advertising industry should increase the number of public service advertising about to improve peoples awareness of the risk of obesity? However, this will take a long fourth dimension and a lot of money. To conclude, healthy expectancy is the indicator of the quality of life. This essay has discussed that health expectancy is reduce by negative factors including smoking and obesity. So it is necessary to analyse these factors, identify and assess the solutions from the aspects of individual, organization and the government to solve the problem, and then to improve peoples health expectancy and the quality of peoples lives.References Hammond, S. K. (2009). Global Patterns of Nicotine and Tobacco Consumption. Berlin Heidelberg Springer- Verlag New Zealand Ministry of Social Development. (2010). Health expectancy. Retrieved October 17, 2012 From http//socialreport. msd. govt. nz/health/health-expectancy. html OECD. (2012). obesity update 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From the OECD website http//www. oecd. org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/49716427. pdf WHO. (2012). Facts and figures. Retrieved October 17, 2012. From http//www. euro. ho. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/disease-prevention/tobacco/facts-and-figures. WHO. (2012). Obesity. Retrieved October 21, 2012. From http//www. euro. who. int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity WHO. (2012). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved October 21, 2012 From the population Health Organization http//www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ WHO. (2008). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 The MPOWER package. Electronic version. Geneva World Health organization.